An agent that destroys pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects only is best described as a: ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: D
A disinfectant describes agents that destroy pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects on-ly. Germicide is a general term used to describe agents that destroy pathogenic microorganisms on living tissue and inanimate objects. A bactericide destroys all pathogenic bacteria. A virucide destroys viruses only.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: A
Clostridium difficile are the bacteria that cause the disruption of normal flora in the gastrointesti-nal tract caused by antibiotic therapy. Pneumocystis carinii are the protozoa that cause pneumo-nia in immunocompromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Enterobacteriaceae spp. are the bacteria that can cause hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with multiple myeloma.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: B
Human barriers to infection include the mechanical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes and the person's immune system. The others are preventative measures that reduce the spread of infection in health care settings.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: A
Yeast reproduces by budding. Bacteria reproduce either by binary fission or conjugation. Rickett-sia reproduces by binary fission.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: B
Immunosuppression is not a requirement for the transmission of an infectious disease. However, a pathogen source, mode of transmission, and susceptible host must be present. A susceptible host does not have to be immunosuppressed to be considered susceptible. The host could have had surgery, be intubated, or have an indwelling catheter to be susceptible.

(Answer to Q. 6)  ANS: A
Hepatitis is transmitted through blood and body fluids.

(Answer to Q. 7)  ANS: C
The transmission of infections by vectors is rarely associated with nosocomial infections. In the hospital, instruments and equipment (through fomites) are common sources of hospital-acquired infections. Direct contact is also a common way to transmit nosocomial infections.

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