The way we handle time can express both intentional and unintentional messages. For instance, in a culture like ours that values time highly, waiting can be an indicator of status. Important people (whose time is supposedly more valuable than that of others) may be seen by appointment only, whereas it is acceptable to intrude without notice on lesser beings. To see how this rule operates, consider how natural it is for a boss to drop into a subordinate's office unannounced, whereas the subordinate would never intrude into the boss's office without an appointment. A related rule is that low-status people must never make high-status people wait. It would be a serious mistake to show up late for a job interview, whereas the interviewer might keep you cooling your heels in the lobby. Important people are often whisked to the head of a restaurant or airport line, whereas presumably less exalted masses are forced to wait their turn. The use of time depends greatly on culture. In some cultures, punctuality is critically important, whereas in others it is barely considered. Punctual mainlanders often report welcoming the laid-back Hawaiian approach toward time. One psychologist discovered the difference between North and South American attitudes when teaching at a university in Brazil. He found that some students arrived halfway through a two-hour class and that most of them stayed put and kept asking questions when the class was scheduled to end. A half-hour after the official end of the class, the psychologist finally closed off discussion because there was no indication that the students intended to leave. This flexibility of time is quite different from what is common in North American colleges Important people (whose time is supposedly more valuable than that of others) may be seen by appointment only, whereas it is acceptable to intrude without notice on lesser beings. To see how this rule operates, consider how natural it is for a boss to drop into a subordinate's office unannounced, whereas the subordinate would never intrude into the boss's office without an appointment. What is the relationship between these two sentences from the first paragraph?
a. summary
b. illustration
c. comparison
d. process
Ques. 2The way we handle time can express both intentional and unintentional messages. For instance, in a culture like ours that values time highly, waiting can be an indicator of status. Important people (whose time is supposedly more valuable than that of others) may be seen by appointment only, whereas it is acceptable to intrude without notice on lesser beings. To see how this rule operates, consider how natural it is for a boss to drop into a subordinate's office unannounced, whereas the subordinate would never intrude into the boss's office without an appointment. A related rule is that low-status people must never make high-status people wait. It would be a serious mistake to show up late for a job interview, whereas the interviewer might keep you cooling your heels in the lobby. Important people are often whisked to the head of a restaurant or airport line, whereas presumably less exalted masses are forced to wait their turn. The use of time depends greatly on culture. In some cultures, punctuality is critically important, whereas in others it is barely considered. Punctual mainlanders often report welcoming the laid-back Hawaiian approach toward time. One psychologist discovered the difference between North and South American attitudes when teaching at a university in Brazil. He found that some students arrived halfway through a two-hour class and that most of them stayed put and kept asking questions when the class was scheduled to end. A half-hour after the official end of the class, the psychologist finally closed off discussion because there was no indication that the students intended to leave. This flexibility of time is quite different from what is common in North American colleges The main idea of the second paragraph is
a. different cultures vary in the way they use time.
b. punctuality can be critically important when going to a job interview.
c. Hawaiians have a laid-back, easy-going view of time.
d. North American college students are not flexible with respect to scheduledclass periods.
Ques. 3Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal communication. In fact, they are so fundamental that people who have been blind from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea are examples of illustrators that complement verbal messages. Research shows that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are emotionally arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are furious, horrified, very agitated, distressed, or excited. A second type of gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a very precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. For example, we all know that a head nod means yes, a head shake means no, a wave means hello or goodbye, and a hand to the ear means I can't hear you. And almost anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you might fiddle nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all fidgeting signals uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they let down their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to fiddle with an earlobe, twirl a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails. Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important not to jump to conclusions about the meaning of adaptors. The author's main purpose in this passage is to
a. explain how gestures evolved over time.
b. tell the reasons why gestures are useful.
c. list and discuss three categories of gestures.
d. tell the meanings of various common gestures.
Ques. 4Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal communication. In fact, they are so fundamental that people who have been blind from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea are examples of illustrators that complement verbal messages. Research shows that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are emotionally arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are furious, horrified, very agitated, distressed, or excited. A second type of gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a very precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. For example, we all know that a head nod means yes, a head shake means no, a wave means hello or goodbye, and a hand to the ear means I can't hear you. And almost anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you might fiddle nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all fidgeting signals uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they let down their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to fiddle with an earlobe, twirl a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails. Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important not to jump to conclusions about the meaning of adaptors. Adaptors are also known as
a. emblems.
b. illustrators.
c. manipulators.
d. cultures.
Ques. 5Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal communication. In fact, they are so fundamental that people who have been blind from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea are examples of illustrators that complement verbal messages. Research shows that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are emotionally arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are furious, horrified, very agitated, distressed, or excited. A second type of gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a very precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. For example, we all know that a head nod means yes, a head shake means no, a wave means hello or goodbye, and a hand to the ear means I can't hear you. And almost anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you might fiddle nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all fidgeting signals uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they let down their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to fiddle with an earlobe, twirl a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails. Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important not to jump to conclusions about the meaning of adaptors. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. The above sentence is a statement of
a. fact.
b. opinion.
Ques. 6Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal communication. In fact, they are so fundamental that people who have been blind from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea are examples of illustrators that complement verbal messages. Research shows that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are emotionally arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are furious, horrified, very agitated, distressed, or excited. A second type of gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a very precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. For example, we all know that a head nod means yes, a head shake means no, a wave means hello or goodbye, and a hand to the ear means I can't hear you. And almost anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you might fiddle nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all fidgeting signals uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they let down their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to fiddle with an earlobe, twirl a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails. Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important not to jump to conclusions about the meaning of adaptors. Illustrators are gestures that
a. involve self-touching.
b. are recognized by only a particular group within the culture.
c. have no meaning without accompanying speech.
d. include shaking the head for no.
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