A double-blind study
a. helps guard against the effects of experimenter expectations.
b. involves giving patients the treatment they least expect.
c. necessarily involves the use of a placebo.
d. is high in external validity.
Question 2ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true of the placebo effect?
a. It is caused by participants' expectations.
b. It may be controlled through use of the double-blind procedure.
c. It is only a factor in medication trials.
d. All of the above are true.
Question 3Which of the following is the best example of a confounding variable jeopardizing the internal validity of a study?
a. Researchers perform a factor analysis and, in the inferential factor-naming stage, assign names to the factors that cause disagreements with other researchers.
b. A participant in a psychotherapy effectiveness study receives counseling from a minister in addition to the therapy provided in the study.
c. A participant in a psychotherapy study who is placed on a waiting list receives no treatment at all while other participants in the same study are receiving psychotherapy.
d. Two variables are found to correlate highly with each other, when in fact they are both caused by a third, unmeasured, variable.
Question 4When we are not sure that the obtained result of an experimental study is really attributable to our manipulation of the independent variable, we are questioning the __________ of the study.
a. generalizability
b. external validity
c. internal validity
d. correlational nature
Question 5A major advantage of within-group experimental designs is that they
a. require fewer participants than between-groups designs.
b. are more valid than between-groups designs.
c. allow for higher numbers of participants than between-groups designs.
d. are more flexible than between-groups designs.
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