How does cultural change happen through mutual constitution? What will be an ideal ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  Answer: Cultural change may happen through mutual constitution, in which cultures and selves each cause the other. For example, progressively more people in American culture might give individualistic advice (Believe in yourself and anything is possible), which in turn causes the next generation to be more individualistic.

(Answer to Q. 2)  Answer: Some have theorized that cross-cultural differences arise from geography: terrain, climate, and other environmental characteristics. For example, UCLA geography professor Jared Diamond (1999) argued that the existence of large land mammals (such as cattle) in Europe set Europeans on a path toward agriculture as opposed to hunting and gathering, which led to advances in writing and mathematics. Similarly, Asian cultures may value hard work and collective action more because land in Asia is often used to grow rice, and cultivating rice paddies is labor intensive. Another theory of cultural differences focuses on disease-causing pathogens, finding that regions more vulnerable to the spread of infectious disease are more likely to emphasize conformity to rules such as quarantines and mandatory vaccinations.

(Answer to Q. 3)  Answer: If you call your boss by his first name, you are likely in a low power-distance culture; if you call him Mr. and his last name, you are probably in a high power-distance culture.

(Answer to Q. 4)  Answer: Countries high in extraversion tend to be lower in power distance, or formal hierarchies of power and status.

I sincerely appreciate your time, great answers!

Thank you for commenting back