Which of the following is NOT an element of a therapeutic alliance?

Which of the following is NOT an element of a therapeutic alliance?
 
  a. A sense of working together to solve a problem
  b. Client acceptance of the therapist's theoretical orientation
  c. Agreement between client and therapist about the goals of therapy
  d. An affective bond between the client and therapist

Question 2

Andrea begins therapy and expects that the therapy will help her. This expectancy
 
  a. is necessary to produce positive change.
  b. may be enough by itself to produce positive change.
  c. is helpful in psychodynamic therapy, but irrelevant to cognitive and behavioral interventions.
  d. is irrelevant to the change process.

Question 3

Which of the following is a challenge of conducting randomized clinical trials of the effectiveness of therapy?
 
  a. The client will never find out whether or not he or she was treated.
  b. Most clients will never improve on their own without treatment.
  c. There is little variation between different types of therapy.
  d. Even therapists who use the same techniques will differ in their delivery.

Question 4

Therapy outcome studies depend on ratings of the changes seen in clients. One reason that therapists' ratings may be unreliable is because
 
  a. they cannot see the client's behavior in a range of settings.
  b. they have a limited range of clients on whom to compare an individual client's improvement.
  c. they usually base their judgments on superficial personality tests.
  d. they are not in a good position to compare behavior before and after treatment.

Question 5

What is usually used as a placebo in a study of psychosocial treatments?
 
  a. A sugar pill
  b. A wait list
  c. Self-help meetings
  d. Group therapy