Which of the following procedural devices designed to prevent most African Americans from voting was ...

Which of the following procedural devices designed to prevent most African Americans from voting was the first to be declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court?
 
  a. White primary
  b. Poll tax
  c. Grandfather clause
  d. Racial gerrymander

Question -2-

Both parties use the tactic of filibuster to deny or delay the president's choice for Supreme Court justice.
 
  Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Question -3-

In judging claims of official discrimination in the area of voting rights, courts usually employ
 
  a. the rational basis test.
  b. heightened scrutiny.
  c. strict scrutiny.
  d. substantive due process.