According to research on Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development, we can probably infer that
a. the majority of ninth graders are capable of thinking hypothetically.
b. most thirteen-year-olds can understand the point of a complex metaphor the first time they are exposed to it.
c. the typical eight-year-old has entered the stage of formal operations.
d. most college freshmen are unable to recognize the symbolism in a modern short story.
Ques. 2A frequent criticism of Piaget's work on the development of cognition in young children is that
a. he underestimated children's cognitive abilities because the tasks he used were often too difficult for them to solve.
b. he misjudged children's capabilities because of his ill-defined criteria for success.
c. he suggested that preoperational children's abilities were much more advanced than they really are.
d. the age of his subjects often did not correspond to the cognitive stage he was attempting to describe.
Ques. 3Extrapolating from the criticisms of Piaget's work, it might be reasonable to conclude that
a. children do not reach the stage of formal operations until the age of twelve or thirteen.
b. since some of his tasks were meaningless and confusing, Piaget may have underestimated children's abilities.
c. the concrete-operational child has little understanding of the principle of conservation.
d. Piaget gave children at the sensorimotor stage credit for greater cognitive abilities than they were really capable of.
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