One common educational practice is to chart students' progress over time so that students can see their own improvement. These progress charts often lead to higher student achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement. The effectiveness of such charts in changing behavior illustrates the role of reinforcement as:
A) Positive feedback.
B) Cueing.
C) An immediate, rather than delayed, consequence.
D) An alternative to school-wide standardized achievement testing.
Ques. 2Three of the following alternatives describe classrooms that have an overall culture that values complex thinking processes. Which classroom, although possibly enhancing students' classroom achievement, is not necessarily promoting such a culture?
A) A teacher and his students regularly look for ways to apply what they're studying.
B) A teacher encourages students to describe their study strategies for one another.
C) Students from diverse backgrounds meet in small groups to brainstorm potential solutions to challenging social problems.
D) A teacher gives assignments frequently and all of the assignments count towards a student's final grade.
Ques. 3Which one of the following statements best reflects the textbook's recommendation regarding the assessment of complex cognitive processes?
A) Assign tasks that require complex cognitive processes only in the upper high school grades.
B) Include tasks that require complex cognitive processes only in cooperative group activities, never in individual assignments.
C) Often include complex cognitive processes in assessment tasks to communicate the message that such processes are important.
D) Don't include complex cognitive processes in tests or quizzes because such processes are almost impossible to evaluate objectively.
Ques. 4Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A) When Kevin does his homework, his teacher praises him profusely, to the point that it embarrasses him.
B) When Kathleen insults another student while waiting in line for lunch, her teacher moves her to the end of the line.
C) When Edward complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows him to come in from recess on a bitterly cold day.
D) When Priscilla answers a teacher's question incorrectly, one of her classmates teases her unmercifully.
Ques. 5Educational psychologists propose that people often become increasingly self-regulating over time as they get older. a. Explain what they mean by the term self-regulation. b. List a behavior that you would like to see your students make in an increasingly self-regulated fashion. Then describe two specific strategies you might use to promote their self-regulation. Your strategies should be based on concepts and/or principles from educational psychology.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 6Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?
A) Getting a new outfit that you think is cool
B) Being told that you did a good job
C) Being allowed to play basketball at a friend's house after you finish your homework
D) Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate
Ques. 7Distinguish between positive and negative transfer, and give a concrete example of each to illustrate your discussion.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 8Describe the role that each of the factors below plays in students' ability to solve problems. Illustrate the role of each with a concrete example. a. Working memory capacity b. Representing the problem c. Retrieval from long-term memory
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 9Ms. Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting. If she tells them, You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems, she is providing:
A) Negative reinforcement.
B) An activity reinforcer.
C) An intrinsic reinforcer.
D) Intermittent reinforcement.
Ques. 10Stacey dislikes physical education class because her classmates tease her about her lack of strength and coordination. One day Stacey unintentionally hits one of her classmates, and the teacher sends her to the principal's office for the remainder of the class session. Stacey becomes increasingly aggressive in class and so spends more and more time in the principal's office. From an operant conditioning perspective, we can explain this situation by saying that Stacey is:
A) Being vicariously reinforced for her aggression.
B) Being punished for her aggression.
C) Being negatively reinforced for her aggression.
D) Undergoing extinction in her aggression.
Ques. 11Rani has just moved to this country from a Middle Eastern nation where most women remain at home serving their husbands and taking care of their children. She seems confused when she is asked to perform the same school tasks as her male classmates. Rani's situation illustrates:
A) The importance of whole-class discussions.
B) The influence of counter-stereotypical information.
C) The importance of wait time.
D) Cultural mismatch.
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