Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the ...

Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the next day. But on the following day Ms. Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners' behaviors are inconsistent with learners' expectations, what has just happened to the students who turned in their homework assignments?
 
  A) They have been negatively reinforced for doing so.
  B) They have been punished for doing so.
  C) They have been vicariously reinforced for doing so.
  D) Their behavior has been extinguished.

Ques. 2

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment. He suffers no consequences for doing so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners' behaviors are inconsistent with learners' expectations, which one of the following predictions can we make about John's future behavior?
 
  A) He will cheat less frequently.
  B) He will cheat as frequently as he has in the past.
  C) He will cheat more frequently.
  D) He will complain to his parents.

Ques. 3

Three of the following are differences that teachers may find among children from some cultural backgrounds. Which behavior is probably not the result of a child's cultural background per se?
 
  A) Some children may look down at their feet as a way of showing respect for authority figures.
  B) Some children may be accustomed to talking back to authority figures when they disagree.
  C) Some children may feel uncomfortable performing new skills in front of their teacher and peers.
  D) Some children may often touch the people they are talking to.

Ques. 4

Three of the following are likely to give you reasonable clues about a child's cultural background and/or ethnic group membership. Which one is probably least dependable as an indicator of a child's cultural background and ethnicity?
 
  A) A child's physical features
  B) The ethnicity of a child's parents
  C) The particular language that family members use at home
  D) The cultural and religious activities in which a child regularly participates

Ques. 5

Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is most likely to be the result of poor nutrition?
 
  A) Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school.
  B) Even though Yvonne tries hard in school and pays attention most of the time, she has difficulty learning anything abstract.
  C) Lonnie learns things easily but does not work very hard in class. He is often too busy fooling around with friends to pay attention to classroom lessons.
  D) Hilda has problems with mathematics but is otherwise a bright and attentive student.

Ques. 6

Many institutions within society influence children's learning indirectly rather than directly. Which one of the following is most likely to have an indirect, rather than direct, influence?
 
  A) National legislation that mandates annual testing of students' basic skills and subsequent changes in underperforming schools
  B) A new reading series instituted throughout a school district
  C) A language immersion program in which native English speakers take all of their classes in French
  D) A program in which all students are given personal computers with which to complete writing assignments

Ques. 7

In psychologists' conceptualization of reciprocal causation, which one of the following is an internal variable?
 
  A) Alma pays close attention to lectures in her science class.
  B) Last year Bree received an A in science for only mediocre achievement.
  C) Curt's friend Evan will be in his science class this year.
  D) Doug's science class is using state-of-the-art simulation software to study human anatomy.

Ques. 8

At the beginning of the school year, Mr. Webber is concerned that Frances rarely does her independent seatwork. He begins praising Frances for each seatwork assignment she completes, and by January she is completing her assignments regularly. To make sure that the behavior continues in the years to come, what would operant conditioning theorists tell Mr. Webber to do now?
 
  A) Praise her more often than before.
  B) Praise her for only some of her completed assignments.
  C) Punish Frances when she doesn't complete an assignment.
  D) Switch from a social reinforcer to a concrete reinforcer.