Gains in height and weight ____ during middle childhood.

Answer to q. 1

C

Answer to q. 2

D

Answer to q. 3

Social cognitive theory explains gender-role development as a result of reinforcement, punishment, and observational learning. Children may receive positive reactions to traditional gender behaviors, such as girls playing with dolls receiving praise. Children who cross gender traditions, on the other hand, may experience ridicule and hostility from parents as well as peers. Children also learn to behave in gender-traditional or non-traditional roles from watching their parents, as evidenced by the fact that children of working mothers tend to have more flexible senses of gender-appropriate behavior. Television and other media also provide models for children's learning of gender roles.

Evolutionary theory explains gender-role development as a result of biological factors, stemming from natural selection. Thus, males may place more value on physical appearance of a potential mate which has been associated with increased fertility and parental fitness. Females, on the other hand, may place more value on the ability of the male to provide sufficient material goods for support of a family.

Answer to q. 4

C

Answer to q. 5

The two broad dimensions of child rearing are warmth/coldness and restrictiveness/permissiveness. Parents who are high in warmth and restrictiveness are considered authoritative. Parents who are high in warm, but low in restrictiveness are permissive/indulgent. Parents low in warmth, but high in restrictiveness are authoritarian. Parents who are low in warmth and restrictiveness are considered rejecting/neglecting.

Answer to q. 6

A