In family studies of heritability, the portion of group variability that is NOT attributed to heritability is attributed instead to
a. the individual's personal volition (intentions).
b. random unsystematic variations.
c. unknown psychical forces.
d. environmental influences.
Question 2A toddler feels scared by a visitor's monster Halloween mask, but she relaxes when she sees her mother laughing at it. The toddler
a. suffers from learned helplessness.
b. experiences a form of goodness of fit.
c. had an experience of slow to calm down.
d. does social referencing.
Question 3The heritability coefficient is LOW if the correlation for
a. fraternal twins is weak, whereas the correlation for identical twins is strong.
b. fraternal twins is equal to the correlation for parent/child.
c. fraternal twins is equal to the correlation for identical twins.
d. fraternal twins is equal to the correlation for siblings who were born separately.
Question 4The onset of social referencing coincides with the age at which the child first becomes capable of
a. recognizing and interpreting others' displayed emotions.
b. climbing inside an internal working model.
c. talking about the Kewpie doll effect.
d. using grammatical morphemes.
Question 5If the correlation on a trait were .75 for identical twins, .55 for siblings, .23 for cousins, and .11 for genetically unrelated adopted siblings, one could conclude that
a. heredity plays no role in that trait.
b. environment plays no role in that trait.
c. heredity is a prime contributor to that trait, but environment also plays a role.
d. environment is the prime contributor to that trait, with heredity making only a minor contribution.
Question 6The child's social referencing first becomes evident by the early age of about
a. two months.
b. seven months.
c. 15 months.
d. three years.
Question 7The heritability coefficient is calculated from
a. means for the groups being compared.
b. the variabilities for the groups being compared.
c. correlations within identical twin pairs and within fraternal twin pairs.
d. trait estimates by mothers and fathers.
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