According to the discussion of problem-solving approaches, the hill-climbing heuristic

According to the discussion of problem-solving approaches, the hill-climbing heuristic
 
  a. can only be used when you represent the problem in terms of visual imagery.
  b. is one of the most sophisticated problem-solving heuristics.
  c. is often used if you do not have information on how to reach your goal, so you select the best option at each choice point.
  d. is especially helpful when a problem requires you to move backwards in order to eventually move forwards.

Question 2

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the relationship between expertise and top-down/bottom-up processing?
 
  a. Carrie: Expert problem solvers tend to emphasize top-down processing because this framework provides the best overview of the problem.
  b. Mara Elena: Expert problem solvers use their knowledge (top-down processing), but they also attend to the unique features of the problem (bottom-up processing).
  c. Raoul: The basic problem is that experts consistently overuse bottom-up processing, and they ignore top-down processing.
  d. Herbie: Experts make too much use of bottom-up processing; novices make too much use of top-down processing.

Question 3

A major problem with the hill-climbing heuristic is that
 
  a. people choose the most direct route at every choice point, even though an indirect route may be better in the long run.
  b. people are inefficient in dividing the problem into the appropriate subproblems.
  c. people typically show functional fixedness.
  d. people are too likely to move backwards, rather than forwards.

Question 4

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about expertise during problem solving?
 
  a. Lisa: Experts are better at estimating how long it would take nonexperts to solve a problem.
  b. Pernelle: Experts are more likely to use a mental set.
  c. Jack: Experts are more likely to use their top-down processing effectively.
  d. Sabino: Experts are more likely to use serial processing.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best example of the hill-climbing heuristic?
 
  a. You try to figure out what courses you'll take next semester by obtaining an overview of the initial state; this perspective is similar to the overview from the top of a hill.
  b. You want to become a social worker, so at each choice point, you choose the option that appears to lead most directly toward your goal.
  c. You divide the problem into an orderly series of hills, each of which must be surmounted before you move forward.
  d. You realize that you must sometimes move backwards (returning to a previous hill), in order to move forwards to a solution.