Lyotard conceptualized knowledge as _____ that is exchanged between producers and consumers.

Answer to q. 1

b

Answer to q. 2

Role is the dynamic aspect of a status. Whereas we occupy a status, we play a role. A role is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. Role expectation is a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played. By contrast, role performance is how a person actually plays the role. Role performance does not always match role expectations. Role expectations are typically based on a range of acceptable behavior rather than on strictly defined standards. Our roles are relational (or complementary); that is, they are defined in the context of roles performed by others. Role ambiguity occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear. Most people occupy a number of statuses, each of which has numerous role expectations attached. Role conflict occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time. When role conflict occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. To deal with this problem, we may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important, or we may compartmentalize our lives and insulate our various roles. Role conflict may occur as a result of changing statuses and roles in society. Whereas role conflict occurs between two or more statuses, role strain takes place within one status. Role strain occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies. Sexual orientation, age, and occupation are frequently associated with role strain.

Individuals frequently distance themselves from a role they find extremely stressful or otherwise problematic. Role distancing occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance.

Answer to q. 3

c

Answer to q. 4

d

Answer to q. 5

Sociologist Everett Hughes identified a master status as the most important status that a person occupies it dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position. Being poor or rich is a master status that influences many other areas of life, including health, education, and life opportunities. Occupation provides important clues to a person's educational level, income, and family background. An individual's race/ethnicity may also constitute a master status in a society in which dominant-group members single out members of other groups as inferior on the basis of real or alleged physical, cultural, or nationality characteristics. Master statuses are vital to how we view ourselves, how we are seen by others, and how we interact with others. Master statuses confer high or low levels of personal worth and dignity on people. Those are not characteristics that we inherently possess; they are derived from the statuses we occupy.

Answer to q. 6

d

Answer to q. 7

b

I wanna give this person a hug.