Lenski's main evolutionary stages were ________ societies
a. hunter-gatherer, horticultural, pastoral, and agrarian
b. hunter-gatherer, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial
c. horticultural, pastoral, agrarian, and industrial
d. hunter-gatherer, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial
Question 2A key evolutionary concept for Parsons was that of evolutionary universals. These are
a. social innovations that allow a society to undergo adaptive upgrading
b. social innovations that spread to every single society on earth
c. philosophical breakthroughs
d. features that all societies have but that aid the functioning of only some
Question 3Parsons distinguished three types of societies in social evolution, which were
a. primitive, intermediate, and modern
b. parallel, convergent, and divergent
c. archaic, modern, and postmodern
d. simple, complex, and doubly complex
Question 4The evolutionary theorist Julian Steward placed special emphasis on which of the following as a major causal force in social evolution?
a. technology
b. ecology
c. economics
d. ideology
Question 5The evolutionary theory of sociologist Talcott Parsons can be considered a(n)________ theory
a. idealist
b. materialist
c. generalist
d. adaptive
Question 6Steward argued against ________ evolutionism and in favor of ________ evolutionism
a. multilinear; unilinear
b. parallel; convergent
c. divergent; convergent
d. unilinear; multilinear
Question 7According to Marx and Engels, the last stage of human history will be
a. capitalism
b. feudalism
c. socialism
d. slavery
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