Which of the following statements is NOT generally characteristic of parasites?

Which of the following statements is NOT generally
  characteristic of parasites?
  a. They are specialists and usually are able to
  affect only one variety of hosts.
  b. They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts.
  c. Some reside inside their hosts, whereas others
  live outside their hosts.
  d. Their host may be a plant as well as an animal.
  e. Some require more than one host to complete the
  life cycle.

Question 2

Which of the following are parasites?
  a. some pathogensi
  b. a few birds
  c. a few plants
  d. some flatworms and roundworms
  e. all of these