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For which of the following factors in the Drake Equation do we actually have observational knowledge ...

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For which of the following factors in the Drake Equation do we actually have observational knowledge ...

For which of the following factors in the Drake Equation do we actually have observational knowledge rather than just a speculative estimate?
A)   R*, the rate at which solar-type stars form in the Galaxy
B)   fl, the fraction of Earthlike planets on which life actually arises
C)   fi, the fraction of life-forms that evolve into intelligent species
D)   fc, the fraction of intelligent species that develop adequate technology and then choose to send messages out into space

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Discovering the Universe

Edition: 7^th

Authors: Kaufmann, Comins

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Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former.

Albert Einstein

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