Population in Europe during the nineteenth century

Population in Europe during the nineteenth century
 
  a. remained steady until the 1830s, and then began to decrease steadily.
  b. was notable for rapid overall growth and a far more rapid increase in city populations.
  c. was dramatically reduced when the Great Famine killed thirty-five percent of the Russian, Irish, and Prussian populations.
  d. decreased as peasants, reassured by falling death rates, reduced the rural birth rate by over sixty percent due to their adoption of birth control.
  e. was numerically dominated by the landed aristocracy.