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Enhanced Oil Recovery by Water Flooding Daniel Tran 500342997 Adnan Siddique 500 339 637 Syed Talal Ahmed CHE404 Enhanced Oil Recovery Ryerson University Dr. Simant R. Upreti CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Outline Introduction Literature Review Microorganisms Fracture Orientation Ultrasound waves Salinity, wettability and Ionic Composition Low Salinity Recommendations Conclusion CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› What is Waterflooding? ‹#› Most common secondary recovery method. Maintains reservoir pressure as oil is displaced. Water readily available and inexpensive. Effective for light to medium gravity. Relatively easy to inject. Lower CAPEX and OPEX (SEG, 2015) CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery Waterflooding in Oil Recovery CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› (Txoiilgas, 2010) Microorganisms in Heteregenous Models Very effective on low permeable regions CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Microorganisms in Heteregenous Models {E4898960-7D21-4022-B983-B266AE5571C9}Technique Region of Permeability Initial Water Saturation (%) Initial Oil Saturation (%) Oil Left After Recovery Oil Recovery By Layer Total Oil Recovery Water Flooding High 0 100 26 74 44 Low 0 100 86 14 Microbial Slug Flooding High 12 88 9 89 67.5 Low 16 84 45 46 {E4898960-7D21-4022-B983-B266AE5571C9}Technique Region of Permeability Initial Water Saturation (%) Initial Oil Saturation (%) Oil Left After Recovery Oil Recovery By Layer Total Oil Recovery Water Flooding High 41 59 45 24 14.5 Low 53 47 44 6 Incubation with water Flooding High 66 34 25 26 31 Low 56 44 27 37 CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Waterflooding due to fracture orientation CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Representation of fracture orientation in different carbonate core samples Crude oil of Buhassa oil field used Waterflooding at constant rate of 1.0 cc/min Waterflooding due to fracture orientation CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Highest recovery during no fracture Increasing inclination results in decreasing Oil recovery Water-Polymer flooding with different fracture formations CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Addition of polymer flooding increases Recovery rate Polymer flooding acts opposite Good performance can be achieved under high inclination levels Combination of the two methods yields higher sweep efficiency Ultrasound waves during Waterflooding CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Create vibrations in reservoir Capillary forces Adhesion between rocks and fluids Effect of wave stimulation for high and low permeable test CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Effect of temperature according to wave power output CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Effect of recovery due to sonicated waterflooding CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Recovery of Kerosene Recovery of Vaseline Non-Active Salts and Sulfate Ion On Carbonate Reservoirs Salinity Wettability using the contact angle method. Ionic Composition (Effluent’s ion exchange relative to injected fluid). Critical Analysis: Relationship between wettability and recovery. (Veliyathuparambil, 2014) ‹#› CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery Salinity on Injected Water Low Salinity means high recovery (?P ? Salinity). Relocation of top layer (fines), releasing trapped oil. Oil-wet becomes water-wet. Encourages Sweep Efficiency. Brine composition makes a difference. CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Ion Exchange Less Na+ on the way helps Mg2+ and Ca2+ to penetrate. Complex diffusal occurs. SO42- causes electrostatic repulsion between oil and clay. Changes wettability and improves recovery. CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Effects of Low Salinity on Sandstone Reservoir CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Proposed Explanation of Low Salinity Mechanism Materials are adsorbed onto the clay together with inorganic cations, especially: Ca2+ The equilibrium associated with the brine–rock interaction is disturbed A net desorption of cations, especially Ca2+ occurs The relative replacing power of cations is generally believed to be: Li+<Na + <K + +<Mg2 + <Ca2 + <H+ CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Proposed Explanation of Low Salinity Mechanism CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Cyclic flooding with cleaning, re-aging and change in salinity CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Sequential Flooding: Without cleaning and re-aging between floods on Mixed-Wet Sandstone and Limestone CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Recommendations Waterflooding should be applied when a single-horizontal fracture (0° inclination) is used Fluid of flow should be along fracture formations to reduce inclination Highly recommended in reservoirs with high water saturation and depleted oil reserves Ultrasonic waves during water flooding all the more attractive as it can be implemented in any reservoir without producing high cost Alternative ions can be tested: phosphate and borate ions; more background knowledge of particular rock like wettability and permeability. CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Conclusion Sandstone Reservoirs: Sequential Waterflooding Carbonate Reservoirs: Salinity and Ionic Analysis Microorganisms with waterflooding in reservoirs with a large amount of low permeable zones Fracture orientation of reservoirs for reservoirs. Ultrasound waves for understanding characteristics of unknown reservoir CHE404 Enhance Oil Recovery ‹#› Appendix – Fracture Orientation {E4898960-7D21-4022-B983-B266AE5571C9}Petrophysical properties of core samples Run # Core code Fracture condition (°) L (cm) A(cm2) PV, cc before fracture
