Chp 18

Human Anatomy, 8e (Martini/Timmons/Tallitsch) Chapter 18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses 18.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) All plasmalemmae A) respond to the same degree to all different types of stimuli. B) respond to changes in the extracellular environment. C) all respond to each different category of stimulus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Sense organs include (the) A) eye. B) ear. C) olfactory organs. D) taste buds. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) The term "general senses" refers to the sensations of A) temperature. B) pain and proprioception. C) touch. D) pressure and vibration. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) General sensory receptors are A) concentrated at the ends of the limbs. B) distributed throughout the body. C) responsible for providing perceptions to the somatomotor cortex. D) able to interpret sensations of many different stimulus types. E) the eye, ear, and nose. Answer: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) Information about the strength, duration, and movement of a stimulus is provided by (the) A) labeled line. B) receptive field. C) special senses. D) sensory coding. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) Which of the following is true of receptors? A) Each has a characteristic sensitivity. B) Each receptor is equally sensitive to several different types of stimuli. C) The most complex, specific, and sensitive receptors are free nerve endings. D) They are evenly distributed over all surfaces of the body. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) Special sensory receptors differ from simple receptors in that A) they are surrounded by accessory structures that enhance receptor sensitivity. B) they are restricted in the stimuli to which they respond. C) each can be stimulated by many different types of stimuli. D) they are found in more locations on the surface of the body. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) The fact that we cannot sense infrared radiation is related to A) our inability to see temperatures. B) our range of sensitivity. C) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli. D) our inability to process radiation. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 9) How is a person's ability to localize a stimulus affected by the function of a single receptor field? A) Stimuli of all strengths are equally well localized. B) Localization from a single receptor field is not possible; many have to participate for localization to be possible. C) The larger the receptive field, the poorer the ability to localize the stimulus. D) The larger the receptor field, the greater the ability to localize the stimulus. E) By the receptive fields interaction with other receptive fields. Answer: C Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 10) A person is unable to detect electromagnetic waves, except visible light, because of which of the following reasons? A) No receptors of a type necessary to register the stimuli exist in the body. B) The stimulus might be outside the range of sensitivity of the available receptors. C) The stimulus might irritate or stimulate all the available receptors and make interpretation impossible. D) The CNS might be unable to process a given stimulus. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 11) Examples of receptors that are always active are A) phasic receptors. B) tonic receptors. C) mechanoreceptors. D) tactile receptors. E) chemoreceptors. Answer: B Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) Adaptation that results from synaptic fatigue, like that which occurs when you get used to the water temperature in the shower, is a property of A) slow-adapting receptors. B) fast-adapting receptors. C) central adaptation. D) tonic receptors. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 13) Which of the following is true of sensory adaptation? A) It is an increase in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. B) It occurs when the receptors of sensory neurons retain a constant level of activity. C) It is not dependent upon synaptic fatigue. D) It is the decline in activity along the afferent fiber after an initial strong response. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) Receptors that combine phasic and tonic coding A) do not send sensory information to the CNS. B) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS. C) function in sensations like crude touch. D) are most likely to be peripheral sense receptors. E) perceive sensory information. Answer: B Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) Visceral pain that is sometimes felt in more superficial areas of the body is called A) referred pain. B) fast pain. C) slow pain. D) nociceptive pain. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) Which of the following is a type of special sensory receptor? A) nociceptor B) thermoreceptor C) photoreceptor D) mechanoreceptor E) chemoreceptor Answer: C Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 17) Structurally free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, and tactile discs are referred to as A) proprioceptors. B) unencapsulated receptors. C) encapsulated receptors. D) crude touch receptors. E) pain receptors. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18) Which of the following is true of thermoreceptors? A) They are located in the epidermis of the skin. B) Cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors. C) Warm and cold receptors are structurally different. D) Cold receptors are tactile disc receptors. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) Nociceptors A) are especially common in the viscera. B) generally have large receptive fields. C) are large, structurally complex receptors. D) always convey very precise local information. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Proprioceptors provide information about which of the following? A) arm muscle stretch B) digestive tract stretch C) bladder volume D) lung stretch E) blood vessel stretch Answer: A Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 21) Tactile receptors that provide poor localization are receptors for A) root hair plexus. B) deep pressure. C) fine touch. D) temperature. E) pain. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 22) Cells in the stratum germinativum that are sensitive to fine touch are called A) basal cells. B) keratinocytes. C) melanocytes. D) Merkel cells. E) stem cells. Answer: D Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 23) Blood pressure is monitored by (the) A) baroreceptors. B) carotid sinus. C) aortic sinus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 24) Neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to carbon dioxide and acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are A) mechanoreceptors. B) nociceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 25) Blood oxygen levels are monitored by (the) A) carotid sinus. B) aortic sinus. C) aortic body. D) carotid neurothelium. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 26) Information about pressure and gas concentration in the aorta travels to the medulla via (the) A) cervical nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerve. C) vagus nerve. D) thoracic nerves. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 27) Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are A) mechanoreceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) nociceptors. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 28) By what mechanism is respiratory and cardiac function regulated in the aortic bodies? A) Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure. B) Free nerve endings detect changes in blood vessel size. C) Mechanoreceptors monitor the rate of blood flow. D) Chemoreceptors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 29) When proprioceptors are stimulated, what kind of information is provided to the CNS? A) pH of body fluids B) position of structures C) vibration D) pressure E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 30) If you are innocently taking a nap in your room, and your cat slinks by you, brushing your arm gently with his tail, the tactile receptor most likely to respond to this stimulus is (a) A) tactile corpuscle. B) free nerve ending of a hair root. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) lamellated corpuscle. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 31) When a person is exposed to painfully cold temperatures, why do the fingertips, toes, nose, and ear pinnae often respond to the pain before other body regions? A) These are the only regions of the body with receptors for cold. B) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster. C) Their thermoreceptors have a lower threshold of sensitivity to cold. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 32) The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway have cell bodies located in which of the following areas? A) in the olfactory epithelium B) near specialized olfactory receptors within the epithelium C) in the olfactory bulbs D) next to basal cells E) in the olfactory glands, which are located in the underlying lamina propria Answer: C Section Title: Olfaction (Smell) Learning Outcome: 18.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 33) Olfactory receptors are very special because they A) can distinguish from among thousands of chemical stimuli. B) can distinguish at least fifty primary smells. C) are a rare example of neuronal replacement. D) lack structural differences. E) contains receptor populations with different sensitivities. Answer: C Section Title: Olfaction (Smell) Learning Outcome: 18.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 34) When air is drawn in through the nose, A) in a normal, relaxed inspiration approximately 80 percent of the air passes the olfactory organs. B) sniffing repeatedly increases the intensity of the olfactory stimulation and permits sampling of virtually all of the air taken in at each inspiration. C) it is swirled to provide the turbulence that brings airborne compounds to the olfactory organs. D) lipid-soluble materials are absorbed into the mucus prior to being able to be smelled, while water-soluble molecules are sampled directly. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Olfaction (Smell) Learning Outcome: 18.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 35) Older individuals sometimes use large amounts of perfume because they lose their sense of smell; this is related to A) sensory adaptation. B) central adaptation. C) a decrease in sensitivity of the olfactory cortex. D) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Olfaction (Smell) Learning Outcome: 18.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 36) Which of the following cranial nerves transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds? A) I, II, IV B) III, VI, VIII C) VII, IX, XI D) VII, IX, X E) V, VII, IX, XI, XII Answer: D Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 37) Factors that contribute to a conscious perception of taste include which of the following? A) the tactile sensation of the texture of foods B) the speed at which food is ingested C) the strength of the aroma of the food D) the intensity of the color of the food E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 38) The gustatory structure with the most taste buds in an adult is the A) filiform papilla. B) fungiform papilla. C) circumvallate papilla. D) pharyngeal wall. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 39) Taste buds are A) proprioceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) nociceptors. E) pressure receptors. Answer: C Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 40) Research indicates that the pharynx may have special taste buds for A) fat. B) carbohydrates. C) water. D) amino acids. E) fat and cholesterol. Answer: C Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 41) Damage to the cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with our perception of A) the direction of gravitational pull. B) horizontal rotation of the head. C) vertical rotation of the head. D) linear acceleration. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 42) The three main anatomical regions into which the ear is divided are A) external ear, tympanum, and stapes. B) malleus, incus, and organ of Corti. C) external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. D) ceruminous gland, cochlea, and utricle. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 43) The inner ear includes which of the following? A) pinna B) cochlea C) ossicles D) tympanic membrane E) external auditory canal Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 44) The ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the auditory tube, which connects the throat and (the) A) external ear. B) middle ear. C) inner ear. D) cochlea. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 45) The auditory ossicles connect (the) A) tympanic membrane to the round window. B) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. C) cochlea to the round window. D) tympanic membrane to the oval window. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 46) The system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers of the inner ear is called (the) A) bony labyrinth. B) endootic space. C) cochlea. D) membranous labyrinth. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 47) The vestibular complex is filled with A) perilymph. B) endolymph. C) CSF. D) plasma. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 48) Endolymph has A) potassium levels. B) high sodium levels. C) the same ions as extracellular fluid anywhere else in the body. D) the same ions as cerebrospinal fluid. E) high potassium and low sodium levels. Answer: E Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 49) The kinocilia and stereocilia of the hair cells in the semicircular ducts are embedded in a gelatinous structure called (the) A) ampulla. B) cupula. C) crista. D) organ of Corti. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 50) Calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle and saccule are called A) maculae. B) otoliths. C) stones. D) statoconia. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 51) The auditory ossicle that covers the oval window is the A) incus. B) stapes. C) anvil. D) malleus. E) stirrup. Answer: B Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 52) The size difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window causes vibrations to A) change tone. B) become faint. C) become more frequent. D) amplify. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 53) Sensory receptors of the ear are A) mechanoreceptors. B) Merkel cells. C) baroreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) photoreceptors. Answer: A Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 54) Which of the following is the first component of the auditory pathway? A) Hair cell stimulation activates sensory neurons. B) The sensory neuron cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion. C) The sensory neuron afferent fibers form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. D) The axons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve synapse at the cochlear nucleus of the medulla. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 55) What aspect of hearing will be lost if the auditory cortex is damaged? A) High-frequency sounds will be unable to be interpreted. B) The individual will respond to sounds and have normal acoustic reflexes. C) Sound interpretation and pattern recognition will be difficult or impossible. D) Tones and patterns will become incomprehensible. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 56) The lacrimal glands A) are located in pockets of the lacrimal bone. B) produce less fluid than the ocular conjunctiva. C) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. D) function only during stress. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 57) Damage to the fovea of the eye interferes with the ability to A) focus the image. B) see color. C) regulate the amount of light striking the retina. D) bleach visual pigments. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 58) The anteriorly curving bulge of the eye on which a person may put "contacts" is called (the) A) conjunctiva. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) cornea. D) lacrimal gland. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 59) In correct order, the pathway followed by tears cleaning the eyes is: (1) entering the nasolacrimal duct (2) accumulating at the medial canthus (3) passing through the lacrimal puncta (4) entering the lacrimal sac (5) entering the lacrimal canaliculi A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 D) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 E) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 Answer: C Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 60) Each rod and cone cell of an eye monitors A) specific rates of movement of objects across the visual field. B) specific colors or tones of black and white. C) a specific receptive field. D) objects at a specific range of distances from the observer. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 61) The primary function of the lens of the eye is to A) provide the coloring of the eye. B) maintain the shape of the eye. C) focus the visual image onto the optic disc. D) focus the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 62) Visual information from the retinas first arrives for processing at A) the hippocampus. B) the temporal lobes. C) the occipital lobes. D) the lateral geniculate nuclei. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18.2 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) The information that arrives at a sensory receptor is called a ________. Answer: stimulus Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) The sensory information arriving at the CNS is called a sensation; a ________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation. Answer: perception Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 18.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity, such as a touch receptor that is very sensitive to pressure but relatively insensitive to chemical stimuli. This trait is called ________. Answer: receptor specificity Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) A ________ receptor becomes active only when stimulated. Answer: phasic Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is called ________. Answer: adaptation Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) The name of the mechanism in which pain sensations from visceral organs are often perceived as originating in more superficial regions is ________. Answer: referred pain Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) Receptors for general senses that provide information about the environment outside of the body are ________. Answer: exteroceptors Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) ________ provide information about the internal environment. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer). Answer: Interoceptors Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 9) Stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure are ________. Answer: baroreceptors Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 10) The taste receptors are clustered in individual ________ lying along the sides of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue and adjacent regions of the pharynx and larynx. Answer: taste buds Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 11) Each taste bud contains approximately 40 slender receptors, called ________, and a number of supporting cells. Answer: gustatory cells Section Title: Gustation (Taste) Learning Outcome: 18.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) Shaking the head "no" causes changing of the signal originating from the ________ semicircular canal. Answer: lateral Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 13) Distortion of the stereocilia toward the kinocilium causes an ________ in output. Answer: increase Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) Hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in the oval ________. Answer: maculae Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) Blocking of the normal transfer of vibrations through the middle ear is called ________. Answer: conductive deafness Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) In the cochlear duct, the hair cells' stereocilia are embedded in the ________. Answer: tectorial membrane Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 17) The function of structures within the middle ear is to ________ and transmit sound waves to the inner ear. Answer: amplify Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18) The auditory tube is also called the Eustachian tube or the ________. Answer: pharyngotympanic tube Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) Hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the ________. Answer: organ of Corti Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Hair cells of the cochlea are monitored by sensory neurons located in the ________. Answer: spiral ganglion Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 21) The brain processing center that coordinates reflexive responses to acoustic stimuli is the ________. Answer: inferior colliculus Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 22) Descending instructions along the ________ of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement the reflexive movements of the head or neck. Answer: tectospinal tracts Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 23) Actions that automatically change the position of the head in response to a sudden loud noise are the ________. Answer: auditory reflexes Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 24) The special sense that humans typically rely upon more than any other is the sense of ________. Answer: vision Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 25) The glands that produce a lipid-rich lubricant that prevents the eyelids from sticking together are called ________. Answer: tarsal glands Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 26) Aqueous humor is produced at the ciliary body and returns to the circulation after it drains into the ________. Answer: canal of Schlemm or scleral venous sinus Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 27) A daily pattern of visceral activity that is tied to the day-night cycle is called the ________. Answer: circadian rhythm Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 28) The ________ cells of the retina form a network that inhibits or facilitates communication between visual receptors and bipolar cells. Answer: horizontal Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 29) The two optic nerves, one from each eye, reach the diencephalon at the ________. Answer: optic chiasm Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18.3 True/False Questions 1) Calcium carbonate crystal in the macula are called cristae. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Raised group of hair cells in the ampulla are called otoliths. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) The round window separates the cochlear chamber from the middle ear. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) The saccule is part of vestibule. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) The oval window is covered by the stapes footplate. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) The bony cochlea coils around a central hub, which is called the spiral ganglion. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the modiolus. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) The cochlear duct is separated from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 9) The membrane attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct that causes the stereocilia of the hair cells to distort when it bounces up and down is the tectorial membrane. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 10) The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct are contained in the spiral ganglion. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 11) The ciliary body attaches to and adjusts the lens. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) The iris is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 13) The insertion point for extraocular muscles is the sclera. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) The sclera contains blood vessels that nourish the deep portion of the retina. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) Lens contains highly organized collagen fibers causing it to be transparent. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) Amacrine cells modulate communication between two layers of cells in the retina. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 17) Bipolar cells give off axons to the optic nerve. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18) The rods and cones of the retina synapse with approximately six million ganglion cells. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) Retinal cells that provide color vision are the horizontal cells. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Retinal cells that enable people to see in low light conditions are the rods. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18.4 Essay Questions 1) What is the significance of a labeled line in the interpretation of sensory information? Answer: Sensory information arriving at the CNS is routed according to the nature and location of the stimulus. Along sensory pathways, axons relay information from point A (the receptor) to point B (a neuron at a specific point in the cerebral cortex). This connection between a receptor and a cortical neuron is called a labeled line, and carries information concerning a specific sensation from receptors in a specific region of the body. Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 2) How does the process of adaptation affect the way in which stimuli are perceived? Answer: Adaptation is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus, and occurs when the receptors or sensory neurons alter their levels of activity. Initially, the receptors respond strongly, but thereafter activity along the afferent fibers gradually declines, in part because of synaptic fatigue. Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 3) How do phasic receptors differ from tonic receptors? Answer: Phasic receptors, also called fast-adapting receptors, show the phenomenon of peripheral adaptation, while tonic receptors show little or no adaptation, and so are called slow-adapting receptors. Tonic receptors are always active while phasic receptors become active for a short period of time whenever there is a change in the conditions they are monitoring. Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 4) If you are present in the kitchen while the Thanksgiving turkey is being prepared, why must you go outside for a few minutes before returning and being able to smell the cooking aromas? Answer: Awareness of the aroma of cooking food is lost after a short period of exposure, by a process called central adaptation, although the sensory neurons remain active. Central adaptation involves the inhibition of nuclei along a sensory pathway. At the unconscious level, central adaptation further restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex to permit about 1 percent of the sensory input to reach consciousness. Section Title: Receptors Learning Outcome: 18.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis 5) How is temperature perceived by the body receptors? Answer: Temperature receptors are found in the dermis, in skeletal muscles, in the liver, and in the hypothalamus, with cold receptors being three to four times more numerous than heat receptors. Temperature sensations are conducted along the same pathways as those that carry pain sensations, reaching the reticular formation, the thalamus, and some of the primary sensory cortex. Temperature receptors are phasic receptors, active when the temperature is changing but quickly adapting to stable temperatures. Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 6) How do the varieties of pain sensations differ from one another? Answer: Pain sensations are of two types, fast pain and slow pain. Fast, or prickling, pain is produced by such problems as deep cuts or injuries. These sensations reach the CNS quickly and are often relayed to the primary sensory cortex to receive conscious attention. Sensations of slow pain, or burning and aching pain, result from the same types of injuries as fast pain sensations but begin later and persist longer. These cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus and give a general sensation of the pain, but not a good localization of it. Section Title: The General Senses Learning Outcome: 18.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 7) What is otitis media? Answer: Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear, most often of bacterial origin as a result of upper respiratory infection in children and infants. Pathogens usually gain access to the middle ear cavity through the auditory tube, which is shorter and more horizontally oriented in infants and children than in adults. As the infection progresses, the middle ear cavity can fill with pus. The increase in pressure in the middle ear cavity can eventually rupture the tympanum. This condition can be treated by antibiotics. Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 8) How does conductive deafness differ from nerve deafness? Answer: Conductive deafness results from conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window, such as a blockage of the external auditory canal or rupture of the tympanum. Nerve deafness, however, lies along the auditory pathway or in the cochlea. The impulses reach the oval window, but either the receptors cannot respond or else their responses cannot reach their central destinations, preventing the perception of sounds. Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 9) What is conjunctivitis? Answer: Conjunctivitis is a condition that results from irritation or damage to the conjunctiva of the eye, most commonly from the dilation of blood vessels beneath the conjunctival surface. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause this problem, or it can be caused by chemical or physical irritation. Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 10) What causes the condition called glaucoma? Answer: In glaucoma, the aqueous humor has lost its access to the canal of Schlemm, impairing drainage of the anterior chamber of the eye. As aqueous humor continues to form at the normal rate, intraocular pressure rises, causing pressure damage to the soft tissues of the eye and eventually causing blindness if not treated. Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 11) What causes the condition called nystagmus? Answer: Automatic eye movements occur in response to sensations of motion (whether real or illusory) under the direction of the superior colliculi. These movements attempt to keep the gaze focused on a specific point in space.When you spin around, your eyes fix on one point for a moment, then jump ahead to another, in a series of short, rhythmic, jerky movements. These eye movements may appear in normal stationary individuals with extreme lateral gaze and after damage to or stimulation of the brain stem or inner ear. Physicians often check for nystagmus by asking the subject to watch a small penlight as it is moved across the field of vision. Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 18.5 Labeling Exercises Figure 18.1 Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 1) Label A: ______________________________ Answer: Auricle Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Label B: ______________________________ Answer: External acoustic meatus Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) Label C: ______________________________ Answer: Elastic cartilage Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) Label D: ______________________________ Answer: Tympanic membrane Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) Label E: ______________________________ Answer: Tympanic cavity Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) Label F: ______________________________ Answer: Oval window Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) Label G: ______________________________ Answer: Round window Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) Label H: ______________________________ Answer: Vestibule Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 9) Label I: ______________________________ Answer: Auditory tube Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 10) Label J: ______________________________ Answer: Cochlea Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 11) Label K: ______________________________ Answer: To nasopharynx Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) Label L: ______________________________ Answer: Bony labyrinth of inner ear Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 13) Label M: ______________________________ Answer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VII) Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) Label N: ______________________________ Answer: Facial nerve (N VII) Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) Label O: ______________________________ Answer: Petrous portion of temporal bone Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) Label P: ______________________________ Answer: Semicircular canals Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 17) Label Q: ______________________________ Answer: Auditory ossicles Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Figure 18.2 Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 18) Label A: ______________________________ Answer: Perilymph Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) Label B: ______________________________ Answer: Bony labyrinth Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Label C: ______________________________ Answer: Endolymph Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 21) Label D: ______________________________ Answer: Membranous labyrinth Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 22) Label E: ______________________________ Answer: Utricle Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 23) Label F: ______________________________ Answer: Saccule Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 24) Label G: ______________________________ Answer: Vestibular duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 25) Label H: ______________________________ Answer: Cochlear duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 26) Label I: ______________________________ Answer: Tympanic duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 27) Label J: ______________________________ Answer: Organ of Corti Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 28) Label K: ______________________________ Answer: Cochlea Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 29) Label L: ______________________________ Answer: Endolymphatic sac Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 30) Label M: ______________________________ Answer: Maculae Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 31) Label N: ______________________________ Answer: Crista within ampullae Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 32) Label O: ______________________________ Answer: Vestibule Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 33) Label P: ______________________________ Answer: Anterior semicircular duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 34) Label Q: ______________________________ Answer: Lateral semicircular duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 35) Label R: ______________________________ Answer: Posterior semicircular duct Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 36) Label S: ______________________________ Answer: Semicircular ducts Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 37) Label T: ______________________________ Answer: Semicircular canal Section Title: Equilibrium and Hearing Learning Outcome: 18.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Figure 18.3 Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 38) Label A: ______________________________ Answer: Lacrimal gland (orbital portion) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 39) Label B: ______________________________ Answer: Tarsal plates Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 40) Label C: ______________________________ Answer: Tendon of superior oblique muscle Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 41) Label D: ______________________________ Answer: Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 42) Label E: ______________________________ Answer: Orbital fat Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 43) Label F: ______________________________ Answer: Palpebral fissure Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 44) Label G: ______________________________ Answer: Lacrimal sac Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 45) Label H: ______________________________ Answer: Orbicularis oculi (cut) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Figure 18.4 Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 46) Label A: ______________________________ Answer: Fibrous tunic (sclera) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 47) Label B: ______________________________ Answer: Vascular tunic (choroid) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 48) Label C: ______________________________ Answer: Neural tunic (retina) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 49) Label D: ______________________________ Answer: Posterior cavity (vitreous chamber filled with the vitreous body) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 50) Label E: ______________________________ Answer: Ora serrata Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 51) Label F: ______________________________ Answer: Fornix Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 52) Label G: ______________________________ Answer: Palpebral conjunctiva Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 53) Label H: ______________________________ Answer: Ocular conjunctiva Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 54) Label I: ______________________________ Answer: Ciliary body Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 55) Label J: ______________________________ Answer: Anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 56) Label K: ______________________________ Answer: Cornea Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 57) Label L: ______________________________ Answer: Lens Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 58) Label M: ______________________________ Answer: Pupil Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 59) Label N: ______________________________ Answer: Iris Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 60) Label O: ______________________________ Answer: Posterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor) Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 61) Label P: ______________________________ Answer: Corneal limbus Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 62) Label Q: ______________________________ Answer: Suspensory ligaments Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 63) Label R: ______________________________ Answer: Sclera Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 64) Label S: ______________________________ Answer: Choroid Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 65) Label T: ______________________________ Answer: Retina Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 66) Label U: ______________________________ Answer: Fovea Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 67) Label V: ______________________________ Answer: Optic disc Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 68) Label W: ______________________________ Answer: Optic nerve Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 69) Label X: ______________________________ Answer: Central artery and vein Section Title: Vision Learning Outcome: 18.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge