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Chap 29: Ecosystems and Biodiversity 10pts Due: 11:59pm on Saturday, March 8, 2014 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Activity: Tropical Atmospheric Circulation and Global Climate Click here to view this animation. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of the following statements about tropical atmospheric circulation is true? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which of the following statements about tropical atmospheric circulation is true? Warm air expands and rises from the surface of the atmosphere around the poles. As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools. Warm air begins to cool as it begins to sink at about 30° North and South latitude. The moisture in cool air condenses into clouds and precipitates because cool air holds more moisture than warm air. Part B Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area? Equator South pole 30° North and South latitude North pole Part C True or false. Rain shadows are wet regions on the windward side of mountain ranges. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: True or false. Rain shadows are wet regions on the windward side of mountain ranges. True False Activity: Terrestrial Biomes Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome? ANSWER: Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome? the presence of algae relatively cool water relatively stable water temperature dead organic matter low oxygen level Part B The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____. ANSWER: The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____. region that receives abundant sunlight region where phytoplankton are found region that receives little or no light substrate at the bottom of the body of water region that is flooded at high tide and not covered by water at low tide Part C The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes. ANSWER: The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes. marine grassland freshwater rain forest desert Part D A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix. ANSWER: A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix. benthic zone intertidal zone aphotic zone estuary photic zone Part E What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? ANSWER: What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? temperature and light temperature and rainfall light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants Part F Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? ANSWER: Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest desert temperate grassland tropical rain forest Part G Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? ANSWER: Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? tundra coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert Part H Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? ANSWER: Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? temperate grassland coniferous forest tropical rain forest desert tundra Part I Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? ANSWER: Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? taiga tropical forest tundra coniferous forest desert Interpreting Graphs and Data: Climatograph Can you interpret the data in this climatograph? Part A What does the red line on the graph represent? ANSWER: What does the red line on the graph represent? month of the year average temperature (°F) average precipitation (mm) average precipitation (inches) average temperature (°C) Part B What do the blue bars on the graph represent? ANSWER: What do the blue bars on the graph represent? yearly precipitation monthly precipitation average monthly temperature average yearly temperature Part C Which two months have the highest average temperature? ANSWER: Which two months have the highest average temperature? May and June July and August September and October Part D What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? ANSWER: What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? Temperatures are mild throughout the year. Winters are cold and summers are cool. Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. Winters are cold and summers are hot. Winters are mild and summers are hot. Part E What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? ANSWER: What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter. Part F What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? ANSWER: What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? 75 mm 75 inches 500 mm 900 mm 900 inches cannot be determined from this graph Part G This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s). Interpreting Graphs and Data: Wetland Restoration Rates Scientists compared the plant biomass and soil structure of restored wetlands to that of natural, undisturbed wetlands. The graph shows their findings. Can you interpret the graph to answer these questions? Source: Ballantine, K. and R. Schneider. 2009. Fifty-five years of soil development in restored freshwater depressional wetlands. Ecological Applications 19:1467–1480. Part A What does the y-axis show? ANSWER: What does the y-axis show? nutrient absorption capacity rate of wetland recovery number of years since restoration percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands Part B What does the red graph line represent? ANSWER: What does the red graph line represent? soil organic matter years since restoration plant biomass nutrient absorption capacity Part C After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? ANSWER: After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? about 20% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 30% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 60% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland Part D After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? ANSWER: After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? about 40% of natural wetland capacity about 50% of natural wetland capacity about 98% of natural wetland capacity cannot be determined from the graph Part E Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility. ANSWER: Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph Part F Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? ANSWER: Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? providing food for fish and wildlife reducing the impact of floods on nearby communities improving water quality for nearby communities reducing the impact of droughts on nearby communities Part G Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years. ANSWER: The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph Building Vocabulary: Biology Terms - Aquatic Ecosystems Knowing the meaning of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots can help you understand biology terms. Part A Can you match these biology terms with their definitions? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. ANSWER: GraphIt!: Global Soil Degradation Click here to complete the graphing activity. Then answer the questions. Part A - Question 1 How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents? about 7% about 15% about 22% about 50% Part B - Question 2 Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation? ANSWER: Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation? North America Asia Europe South America Africa Part C - Question 3 For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production? ANSWER: For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production? North and South America Asia and Europe Africa and South America Africa and Asia Europe and North America Part D - Question 4 Suppose you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. Limited resources force you to focus all your efforts on only one continent. Based on the information in the graph, which continent would you focus on so as to have the greatest impact on global grain production? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Suppose you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. Limited resources force you to focus all your efforts on only one continent. Based on the information in the graph, which continent would you focus on so as to have the greatest impact on global grain production? South America North America Europe Asia Africa Part E - Question 5 Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation? ANSWER: Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation? Asia Europe North America Africa South America Part F - Question 6 Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity? ANSWER: Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity? South America Africa Europe North America Asia Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 25 Part A Life in a lake, river, or wetland is dependent on two limiting resources. What are they? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Life in a lake, river, or wetland is dependent on two limiting resources. What are they? nutrients and water nutrients and temperature light and nutrients light and temperature Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 1 Part A "Climate" refers to __________. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: "Climate" refers to __________. air currents generated by Earth's rotation and the differences in temperature between them short-term regional fluctuations in temperature, humidity, cloud cover, wind, and precipitation circular patterns of ocean currents that have an effect on weather patterns of weather that prevail over years or centuries in a particular region Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 2 Part A What factor(s) is/are responsible for uneven heating of the Earth's surface and its seasonal changes? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What factor(s) is/are responsible for uneven heating of the Earth's surface and its seasonal changes? the Earth's curvature and its tilted axis the several layers of vegetation in tropical rain forests the ozone layer sunlight directly hitting the equator all year Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 3 Part A What determines the average yearly temperature of a particular region of Earth? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What determines the average yearly temperature of a particular region of Earth? the size of the ozone hole over the region terrestrial biomes the amount of sunlight that reaches the region the seasonal variation of sunlight striking the equator Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 4 Part A What would happen to regional temperatures if the Earth were tilted 33.5 degrees instead of 23.5 degrees? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What would happen to regional temperatures if the Earth were tilted 33.5 degrees instead of 23.5 degrees? All regions would have opposite extremes in temperature, from warmer in the winter to cooler in the summer. Approximately one-half of the Earth would be too cold for life and the other half too hot for life. There would be no extremes in temperature as there are now. All regions would have greater extremes in temperature, from cooler in the winter to warmer in the summer. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 5 Part A What effect do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have on the stratosphere? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What effect do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have on the stratosphere? Within the stratosphere they prevent 97% of the sun's UV radiation from reaching Earth. CFCs in the stratosphere generate air currents. CFCs affect the rotation of Earth. Chlorine atoms released from this molecule catalyze the breakdown of stratospheric ozone. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 6 Part A Why are deserts found around 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S latitude? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Why are deserts found around 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S latitude? At 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S, warm, dry air flows back toward the equator, absorbing moisture as it travels. At 30 degrees N, warm, dry air flows north, and 30 degrees S, warm, dry air flows south; both pick up moisture that is dropped at around 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S. Cool dry air moves both north and south from the equator to the point where it sinks toward Earth at about 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S latitude. As it sinks, it warms, and by the time it reaches the surface, it is warm and very dry and produces very little rain. Warm air rises from the equator, cooling as it ascends; the water vapor in the air condenses and falls as rain. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 7 Part A Which of the following describes the formation of the Mojave Desert? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which of the following describes the formation of the Mojave Desert? It is formed by the action of gyres in the Northern Hemisphere. Air is cooled and moisture is depleted from air that is forced to rise along the Sierra Nevada range of the western United States. On the far side it absorbs water from the land, creating a rain shadow (the Mojave Desert). Cool dry air moves both north and south from the equator to the point it sinks toward Earth at about 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S latitude. As it sinks, it warms and by the time it reaches the surface, it is warm and very dry and produces very little rain. Deserts are formed. As elevation increases, temperature drops, depositing snow on the caps of mountains. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 8 Part A If all that life requires is 1) nutrients, 2) energy, 3) water, and 4) appropriate temperatures, why can't any organism live any place on Earth? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: If all that life requires is 1) nutrients, 2) energy, 3) water, and 4) appropriate temperatures, why can't any organism live any place on Earth? There cannot be similarities between organisms on different continents—North America and Africa, for example. The four requirements are unevenly distributed over Earth's surface, limiting growth of a specific organism to a specific ecosystem. The organism may not be able to adapt to the variations in these requirements found around the world. Climate dictates the organisms that will be found in a particular ecosystem. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 9 Part A What are the determining factors in the distribution of terrestrial organisms? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What are the determining factors in the distribution of terrestrial organisms? temperature and light temperature and water nutrients and light water and nutrients Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 10 Part A Large land areas with similar environmental conditions and characteristic plant communities are called __________. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Large land areas with similar environmental conditions and characteristic plant communities are called __________. rain shadows biomes gyres chaparral terrestrial areas Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 11 Part A What is the name of a biome that has a temperature between 77 degrees F and 86 degrees F and rainfall ranging from 100 to 160 inches per year? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What is the name of a biome that has a temperature between 77 degrees F and 86 degrees F and rainfall ranging from 100 to 160 inches per year? tropical rain forest desert savanna prairie temperate rain forest Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 12 Part A What is the definition of biodiversity? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What is the definition of biodiversity? the total number of species within a given region a yearly measurement of the seasonal changes in a particular geographical region the ability of organisms to move from one ecosystem to another the time it takes an organism to adapt to changing environmental conditions Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 13 Part A How could a short plant under the canopy of trees in a tropical rain forest compete with the taller plants for energy? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: How could a short plant under the canopy of trees in a tropical rain forest compete with the taller plants for energy? Develop ways to store nutrients that are limited on the forest floor. Develop shorter life spans. Grow enormous leaves to trap the dim light that filters through to the forest floor. Use energy remaining in dead plants. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 14 Part A What problem is created when trees in a tropical rain forest are cut down to make space for farming and the trees are carried away for lumber? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What problem is created when trees in a tropical rain forest are cut down to make space for farming and the trees are carried away for lumber? Without forest vegetation, animals will become more numerous. More rainfall will reach the soil. Nutrients in the lumber are carried away and will no longer be available for recycling. With no competition, invasive plants will predominate. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 15 Part A How can the destruction of tropical rain forests contribute to global warming? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: How can the destruction of tropical rain forests contribute to global warming? The forests are destroyed to grow crops to produce biofuels, which add to global warming. It allows space for heterotrophs to respire and produce carbon dioxide. The exposed soil is no longer shaded by the canopy and thus is able to absorb solar heat that contributes to global warming. Cutting and burning of tropical rain forests accounts for 25% of the carbon released into the atmosphere. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 16 Part A How can the trees of the tropical deciduous forests survive the dry season? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: How can the trees of the tropical deciduous forests survive the dry season? They have shallow roots that absorb rainwater before it can evaporate from the soil surface. They adapt by becoming drought-resistant. They have adapted to the dry season by shedding their leaves to avoid water loss. They store water when it is available and use it when water is scarce. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 17 Part A What is the name of the biome with the following characteristics: 1) dry climate (about 12 inches of rain a year), 2) rainy season with no rain for months, 3) grass as the dominant vegetation, 4) scattered trees You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What is the name of the biome with the following characteristics: 1) dry climate (about 12 inches of rain a year), 2) rainy season with no rain for months, 3) grass as the dominant vegetation, 4) scattered trees grassland desert savanna chaparral Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 18 Part A What activities contribute to desertification? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What activities contribute to desertification? increases in rain human overuse of the land coupled with drought an over-abundance of animals, including jackrabbits, bats, burrowing owls, and kangaroo rats the abundance of deciduous trees Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 19 Part A Which of the following is a characteristic of some plants adapted to the chaparral? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which of the following is a characteristic of some plants adapted to the chaparral? Some chaparral plants produce seeds that are stimulated to germinate by the compounds in smoke. They lose their leaves in the fall and remain dormant during the winter. They collect water from cellular respiration. They have shallow spreading roots. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 20 Part A Which of the following is located in the centers of continents, is continuously covered by grass, and has virtually no trees, except along rivers? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which of the following is located in the centers of continents, is continuously covered by grass, and has virtually no trees, except along rivers? northern coniferous forest temperate deciduous forest prairie tundra Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 21 Part A Which of the following is a true statement? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Which of the following is a true statement? Trees are rarely found on prairies because fire kills trees, while the root systems of grasses survive. Shortgrass prairies occur farther west than tallgrass prairies because they need more rain. Prairies are developed on very poor soil that is unable to support the growth of trees. Shortgrass prairies cannot tolerate hot, dry summers. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 22 Part A How do trees in temperate deciduous forests survive long periods of below-freezing weather, when liquid water is not available? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: How do trees in temperate deciduous forests survive long periods of below-freezing weather, when liquid water is not available? The trees drop their leaves and remain dormant during the winter. Only conifers, such as spruce and fir, are found in deciduous forests and they photosynthesize all year long. They photosynthesize at a very low level. They store enough water to last through the winter. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 23 Part A What are the predominant trees in temperate rain forests? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What are the predominant trees in temperate rain forests? conifers such as spruce, Douglas fir, and hemlock deciduous trees shrubs broadleaf evergreen trees Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 24 Part A As we travel north from Arizona to Montana and on to Alaska, we find various areas where the annual rainfall is around 12 inches but yet the vegetation is significantly different from one place to another. What is the reason for the difference? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: As we travel north from Arizona to Montana and on to Alaska, we find various areas where the annual rainfall is around 12 inches but yet the vegetation is significantly different from one place to another. What is the reason for the difference? sunlight competing species nutrients temperature Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 26 Part A What is the importance of the littoral zone of a large lake to photosynthesizing organisms? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What is the importance of the littoral zone of a large lake to photosynthesizing organisms? This region of the lake supports both phytoplankton and fish. Plants in this zone find abundant light as well as nutrients from bottom sediments. This zone supports detritivores and decomposers. It is the area of the lake with the highest levels of nutrients. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 27 Part A Eutrophic lakes can support dense plant communities due to input of nutrients. What does input of nutrients do to the limnetic zone? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Eutrophic lakes can support dense plant communities due to input of nutrients. What does input of nutrients do to the limnetic zone? The limnetic zone becomes shallower because of dense phytoplankton populations. The limnetic zone is deeper because light can penetrate farther. It encourages eutrophication. Phytoplankton growth in the limnetic zone depletes oxygen, and the zone is unable to support life. Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 28 Part A What is a purpose of channelizing and straightening rivers? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: What is a purpose of channelizing and straightening rivers? to enhance natural flooding of floodplains to facilitate boat traffic to move water quickly to the oceans to prevent erosion Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 29 Part A Wetlands locations that form where rivers meet the oceans are called __________. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Wetlands locations that form where rivers meet the oceans are called __________. intertidal zones estuaries coral reefs photic zones Chapter 29 Reading Quiz Question 30 Part A Because hydrothermal vents are too deep for sunlight to reach them, what is the source of energy for the community of individuals living there? You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Because hydrothermal vents are too deep for sunlight to reach them, what is the source of energy for the community of individuals living there? Sulfur bacteria are the primary producers, harvesting chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide. Dead organisms fall to the ocean floor. The superheated water coming from the vents is the producer. Tube worm heterotrophic metabolism is the primary producer. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 0.0%. You received 0 out of a possible total of 60 points.
