Cognition-4th-Edition-Daniel-Reisberg-Test-Bank

Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be true of a person with Capgras syndrome? a. She thinks that her mother has been replaced by a look-alike alien. b. She cannot recognize that her father looks like her father. c. She also has Alzheimer’s syndrome. d. She has no warm sense of familiarity when she sees a close friend. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Capgras Syndrome: An Initial Example OBJ: Applied 2. Some researchers explain Capgras syndrome as: a. a simple failure of visual recognition b. the result of a disconnection between a cognitive appraisal and a sense of familiarity c. a subtype of schizophrenia d. a failure of long-term memory, because patients cannot remember what their own close family members look like ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Neural Basis for Capgras Syndrome OBJ: Factual 3. Among its other functions, the amygdala seems to serve as a(n): a. important relay station between the eye and occipital cortex b. storage location for information received from the skin c. “emotional evaluator” or threat detector d. “index” for locating memories in the brain ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Neural Basis for Capgras Syndrome OBJ: Factual 4. The hindbrain is responsible for which of the following? a. rhythm of breathing, level of alertness, posture b. complex thought, long-term memory c. planned motor activity d. perception and visual imagery ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain OBJ: Factual 5. The cortex makes up the surface of what brain structure? a. the hindbrain c. the thalamus b. the midbrain d. the forebrain ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain OBJ: Factual 6. Which of the following is NOT included in the limbic system? a. thalamus c. cerebellum b. amygdala d. hypothalamus ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Subcortical Structures OBJ: Factual 7. Commissures, including the corpus callosum, are: a. blood vessels that carry blood to all areas of the brain b. brain areas associated with various types of sensory information c. pockets of oxygen found throughout the brain d. thick bundles of fibers that allow communication between the brain’s hemispheres ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Subcortical Structures OBJ: Factual 8. Damage to the brain can be caused in many ways, but in general the damage is referred to as a(n): a. stroke c. syndrome b. lesion d. ablation ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuroimaging Techniques OBJ: Factual 9. A number of techniques have been developed that allow us to examine the moment-by-moment activity levels of specifically defined brain areas. These techniques are called: a. EEG measurement c. chronometric techniques b. neuroimaging techniques d. psychometric assessment ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuroimaging Techniques OBJ: Factual 10. A CT or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan: a. can only be performed on a cadaver b. uses X-rays to study the living brain’s anatomy c. is primarily useful for measuring blood flow in the brain d. can detect the activity taking place in different brain areas in real time ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuroimaging Techniques OBJ: Factual 11. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans show: a. minute details of brain anatomy b. what a participant is thinking at the moment the test is taken c. brain areas that are currently consuming a particularly high level of glucose d. whether a participant is learning something new or remembering prior learning ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Neuroimaging Techniques OBJ: Factual 12. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): a. is less useful than other types of neuroimaging for the study of the functioning of the brain b. creates a three-dimensional representation of the brain’s tissue c. is useful only for studying features on the outer surface of the brain d. makes self-report data unnecessary ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuroimaging Techniques OBJ: Factual 13. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a strong magnetic pulse to: a. record the amount of glucose a specific brain region used during a cognitive task b. measure the blood flow using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals c. produce a temporary disruption to the brain area, and thus brain function, where it is applied d. create a detailed “map” of the different brain areas ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Correlation Versus Causation OBJ: Factual 14. Researchers have used fMRI to investigate activation in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA). When participants are shown a picture of a face to one eye and a picture of a house to the other eye (producing binocular rivalry), we expect to see: a. no increase in activation in either the FFA or the PPA relative to a baseline b. equal activation in the FFA and the PPA c. only activation in the brain region linked to the picture in the dominant eye (e.g., if a picture of a face is presented to the dominant eye, then only the FFA will show increased activation) d. an increase in activation in the FFA when the participant is consciously aware of the face and similarly increased activation in the PPA when the participant is consciously aware of the house ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Neuroimaging: An Example OBJ: Applied 15. If a researcher applies mild electric current to a specific area of an animal’s right hemisphere primary motor projection area, which of the following is likely to happen? a. a specific movement of a body part on the right side of the animal b. a specific movement of a body part on the left side of the animal c. a chaotic movement of the entire animal d. no movement at all ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Primary Motor Projection Areas OBJ: Applied 16. The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the: a. right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear b. right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the right ear c. right temporal lobe receives equal input from both ears d. information received by the right temporal lobe depends on whether the listener favors his or her right or left ear ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Primary Sensory Projection Areas OBJ: Applied 17. The primary motor projection area is located: a. in the cerebellum c. toward the rear of the frontal lobe b. in the occipital cortex d. in the midbrain ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Primary Motor Projection Areas OBJ: Factual 18. Motor and sensory cortices combined make up what portion of the brain? a. less than 10% c. just over 50% b. roughly 25% d. nearly 85% ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Association Areas OBJ: Factual 19. A patient with visual agnosia will probably show an inability to: a. remember a list of words heard 1 hour before b. detect brief flashes of light c. recall the color of familiar objects (e.g., that stop signs are red) d. identify common objects in plain view ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Association Areas OBJ: Applied 20. Toby and Tim both have lesions in their left frontal lobes. Toby has trouble producing speech; Tim has difficulties comprehending speech. Both Toby and Tim are likely to receive a diagnosis of: a. neglect syndrome c. agnosia b. apraxia d. aphasia ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Association Areas OBJ: Applied 21. Damage to the prefrontal area leads to: a. neglect syndrome b. a variety of problems, including problems planning and implementing strategies c. exclusively difficulties with memory d. primarily language problems ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Association Areas OBJ: Factual 22. Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the difference between rods and cones? a. Rods are sensitive to lower levels of light. b. Only cones are able to discriminate color (hue). c. There are three types of rods (for three different wavelengths of light) and only one type of cone. d. Cones have greater acuity. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Photoreceptors OBJ: Applied 23. Which of the following is NOT part of the fovea? a. a cluster of cones in the center of the retina b. the area of the retina found far out in the periphery c. the region of the retina with the greatest acuity d. the area of the retina on which we place a target image in order to see the target clearly ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Photoreceptors OBJ: Factual 24. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is: a. a way station between the eye and the occipital cortex, located in the thalamus b. an important area in the amygdala, associated with long-term memory c. the section of the optic nerve closest to the eye d. the location in the temporal cortex where auditory information is stored ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Lateral Inhibition OBJ: Factual 25. Cells A and B are receiving the same high levels of stimulation, but cell A is showing a lower level of activity than cell B. A likely explanation for this fact is: a. cell A is defective b. cell A is receiving input from the edge of a surface, while cell B is receiving input from a portion of the surface away from the edge c. cell A is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells d. cell A has a higher resting level than cell B ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Lateral Inhibition OBJ: Conceptual 26. Cells detecting the boundary of a surface are subject to less lateral inhibition than cells detecting the center of the same surface. This leads to an effect called: a. lateral enhancement c. the boundary rule b. edge enhancement d. the all-or-none law ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Lateral Inhibition OBJ: Applied 27. A neuron is: a. a group of cells specialized for a particular type of information storage b. one of the fibers connecting the eye to the visual cortex c. an individual cell within the nervous system d. a region within the brain dedicated to a single function ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Factual 28. A researcher wishes to determine exactly when a particular neuron is firing. A technique well suited to this purpose is: a. neuropsychological testing c. stereotaxis b. lesion studies d. single-cell recording ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Applied 29. Once a cell fires, the part of a neuron that transmits information to another location is the: a. dendrite c. axon b. cell body d. nucleus ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Factual 30. A synapse is: a. a message sent from one neuron to another b. part of a neuron’s cell body c. made up of the end of one neuron’s axon, another neuron’s receiving membrane, and the gap between these d. the name of the electric signal that occurs when a cell reaches its threshold ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Factual 31. A neuron’s initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The ultimate, external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called the: a. whole-firing potential c. uniform response law b. all-or-none law d. threshold potential ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Factual 32. A researcher wishes to define the receptive field for a particular neuron in the visual cortex. To do this, the researcher will need to specify: a. the portion of the neuron that receives input from neighboring neurons b. an area within the visual field, with the cell firing if the appropriate target appears within the area c. where the neuron is located within the visual cortex d. the brain area from which the neuron is receiving its input ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Single Neurons and Single-Cell Recording OBJ: Applied 33. A researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a center–surround organization. If the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding area, we would expect the neuron to: a. continue firing at its resting rate c. decrease its firing rate b. increase its firing rate d. cease firing ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Multiple Types of Receptive Fields OBJ: Applied 34. The specialization evident in visual processing shows that: a. the visual system relies on parallel processing b. all of the various aspects of visual processing occur within the occipital cortex c. the visual system relies exclusively on serial processing d. all visual processing occurs in the right hemisphere ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Parallel Processing in the Visual System OBJ: Conceptual 35. Visual agnosia is associated with damage to which of the following? a. area V1 b. the “where” system, which carries information from the occipital cortex to the parietal cortex c. the “what” system, which carries information from the occipital cortex to the temporal cortex d. area MT ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Parallel Processing in the Visual System OBJ: Factual 36. Patients who have suffered damage to the occipital-parietal pathway (the “where” system) will have difficulties with which of the following tasks? a. visually identifying a toothbrush on the counter in front of them b. describing the function of the toothbrush without touching it c. reaching in the correct direction to retrieve the toothbrush d. knowing how to use the toothbrush once they have retrieved it ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Parallel Processing in the Visual System OBJ: Applied 37. Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy. Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together. But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole. The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the: a. binding problem c. reassembly law b. Humpty Dumpty dilemma d. ultimate puzzle ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Putting the Pieces Back Together OBJ: Applied 38. To perceive the visual world, we have to reunite various elements of a scene together so that these elements are perceived in an integrated fashion. Which of the following is NOT likely to be involved in this task? a. attention b. memory c. spatial position d. different groups of neurons firing in synchrony ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Visual Maps and Firing Synchrony OBJ: Applied 39. Capgras syndrome suggests there are two parts to recognition. These parts are: a. factual and familiar c. visual and factual b. factual and emotional d. visual and auditory ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: What Do We Learn From Capgras Syndrome? OBJ: Factual 40. Capgras syndrome, and other cognitive disorders, are useful because they: a. provide information about normal cognitive functioning b. suggest cognition is an interesting topic c. provide evidence that people with Capgras syndrome need medication d. show that brain damage is irreversible ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: What Do We Learn From Capgras Syndrome? OBJ: Conceptual 41. Capgras syndrome contributes to our understanding of cognition in each of the following ways, EXCEPT the role of: a. the temporal lobe in memory b. the amygdala in people without Capgras syndrome c. the frontal lobe in schizophrenia d. visual area V1 ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: What Do We Learn From Capgras Syndrome? OBJ: Applied 42. Researchers using fMRI find activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) when participants are viewing faces. This means that FFA: a. is responsible for recognizing faces b. is necessary to recognizing faces c. activity is correlated with recognizing faces d. has no role in recognizing faces ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Correlation Versus Causation OBJ: Applied 43. How is cognition like Humpty Dumpty? a. The brain is shaped like an egg. b. Pieces of information are processed separately, and need to be put back together. c. A great fall causes serious damage. d. Cognition allows us to sit on walls. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Correlation Versus Causation OBJ: Conceptual 44. You are at the zoo watching a tiger sleep. It suddenly awakes, and lurches in your direction. Spatial position would NOT provide information about the: a. form of the tiger c. motion patterns of the tiger b. color of the tiger d. dangerous nature of the tiger ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Visual Maps and Firing Synchrony OBJ: Applied 45. Neuroimaging techniques such as PET suggest a link between Capgras syndrome and abnormalities in all of the following brain regions EXCEPT the: a. prefrontal cortex c. temporal lobe b. amygdala d. fusiform face area ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Neural Basis for Capgras Syndrome OBJ: Factual 46. The primary motor projection area forms a “map” of the body, and the projections control movement to specific areas of the body. The amount of cortical tissue dedicated to specific parts of the body varies based on the: a. size of the body part b. distance of the body part from the brain c. precision of movement for the body part d. cortical area does not vary; it is the same for all body parts ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Primary Sensory Projection Areas OBJ: Factual 47. Lisa has recently suffered a brain injury. Her symptoms include deficits in coordination and interpretation of pain. Which structure is MOST likely damaged? a. primary motor area c. forebrain b. midbrain d. hindbrain ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain OBJ: Applied 48. Capgras syndrome provides an illustration of several important themes in Chapter 2. All of the following are true of Capgras, EXCEPT: a. damage to a specific part of brain will produce specific symptoms b. the brain is interconnected so that many systems interact c. cognitive disorders often co-occur, like Alzheimer’s and Capgras d. damage to the amygdala will result in an inability to recognize imposters ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: What Do We Learn From Capgras Syndrome? OBJ: Conceptual 49. Parvo cells do NOT differ from Magno cells in what way? a. size of the cell c. pattern of firing b. size of the receptive field d. location in the visual system ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Parallel Processing in the Visual System OBJ: Applied