... Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition...
...that destroys its soil destroys itself.” Franklin...
...homes and land. Soil mismanagement continues today....
...suffers from poor soil conditions, which reduce...
...crop yields. Healthy soil leads to improved...
...and from the soil through their root...
...sugars. Concept 37.1 Soil is a living,...
...upper layers of soil, from which plants...
...a few years. Soil texture and composition...
...physical properties of soil—its texture and composition—determine...
...where they do. Soil has its origin...
...Acids dissolved in soil water also help...
...and other distinct soil layers, called soil...
...soil layers, called soil horizons, are often...
...vertical profile through soil. Topsoil, or the...
...nourished by the soil solution, the water...
...the pores between soil particles. The pores...
...spaces of the soil, but the smaller...
...clay and other soil particles. The texture...
...or sand. A soil’s composition includes its...
...surface charges of soil particles determine their...
...plant nutrients. Most soil particles are negatively...
...charged surfaces of soil particles. This adherence...
...percolates through the soil. Positively charged mineral...
...ions in the soil displace the mineral...
...acids in the soil solution. A soil’s...
...soil solution. A soil’s capacity to exchange...
...tightly bound to soil particles and tend...
...builds a crumbly soil that retains water...
...returned to the soil by decomposition. Topsoil...
...chemical properties of soil. For example, earthworms...
...organic material in soil. Earthworms move large...
...material to the soil surface, mixing and...
...and aggregating the soil and allowing gas...
...Plant roots bind soil and thus reduce...
...also affect the soil pH by releasing...
...and reinforcing the soil against erosion. Soil...
...soil against erosion. Soil conservation is one...
...toward sustainable agriculture. Soil management prepared the...
...irrigate and modify soil to maintain good...
...such as erosion, soil compaction, and soil...
...soil compaction, and soil contamination are leading...
...leading to global soil degradation. Because water...
...also lead to soil salinization—the creation of...
...salinization—the creation of soil too salty for...
...water accumulate in soil as water evaporates,...
...potential of the soil solution and reducing...
...capacity of their soil, the water needs...
...of water to soil and plants through...
...cause of global soil degradation. Farmers reverse...
...nutrients to the soil. Farmers in industrialized...
...leached from the soil by rainwater or...
...decimate fish populations. Soil pH influences mineral...
...influences mineral availability. Soil pH affects cation...
...Depending on the soil pH, a particular...
...in slightly acidic soil because high H+...
...charged minerals from soil particles, making them...
...almost completely unavailable. Soil pH should be...
...needs. If the soil is too alkaline,...
...the pH. When soil pH falls to...
...major cause of soil degradation. Erosion can...
...disturbance of the soil. Soil may be...
...of the soil. Soil may be compacted...
...between roots and soil. Compaction reduces root...
...by making the soil harder to penetrate,...
...water and nutrients. Soil compaction can be...
...by not farming soil that is too...
...have contaminated the soil or groundwater. Phytoremediation...
...plants to extract soil pollutants and concentrate...
...that plants “ate” soil. van Helmont’s conclusion...
...air. In fact, soil, water, and air...
...nutrients from the soil, though essential for...
...plant and the soil. The amount of...
...to suit the soil. Genetic engineering is...
...Al in the soil. Luis Herrera-Estrella and...
...support plant growth, soil must have suitable...
...organisms. Plants and soil have a two-way...
...the layer of soil that is bound...
...than in unbound soil. This is because...
...of the surrounding soil and from those...
...species. Rhizobacteria are soil bacteria that thrive...
...The metabolism of soil bacteria makes nitrogen...
...NO3-, but most soil nitrogen comes from...
...the actions of soil bacteria. Ammonifying bacteria...
...to NH3. In soil solution, NH3 picks...
...form of NO3-. Soil NO3- is formed...
...the roots. Some soil nitrogen is lost...
...diffuses from the soil into the atmosphere....
...left in the soil by a legume...
...concentration of fixed soil nitrogen. Often, the...
...minerals in the soil and supply them...
...fungi in the soil. Almost all plant...
...mantle into the soil and also grow...
...start when microscopic soil hyphae respond to...
...present in the soil, and seedlings develop...
...planted in foreign soil may develop into...
...other habitats where soil conditions are poor...