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Lecture Notes | Approved: 7 years ago | 402.79 kB | Comments: 0
...have at least some aspect of chemistry... ...undergo changes (decay) some elements are more... ...stable than others some isotopes are more... ...to make it some compounds are held... ...are therefore molecular; some are held together... ...have at least some aspect of chemistry... ...undergo changes (decay) some elements are more... ...stable than others some isotopes are more... ...to make it some compounds are held... ...are therefore molecular; some are held together... ...liquid, or gas). Some numbers: cells are... ...them come in some way from water’s... ...surface to withstand some stress) adhesive forces... ...base is added Some useful definitions solvent... ...liquid, or gas). Some numbers: cells are... ...them come in some way from water’s... ...surface to withstand some stress) adhesive forces... ...base is added Some useful definitions solvent... ...nonpolar; found in some amino acids phosphate... ...nonpolar; found in some amino acids phosphate... ...for energy production; some are also used... ...branched or unbranched some are easily broken... ...(examples: starch, glycogen) some are harder to... ...in your diet some fungi, bacteria, and... ...insoluble in water (some do have polar... ...carbon and hydrogen some oxygen and/or phosphorus,... ...animals must obtain some amino acids from... ...proteins (covered in some detail later in... ...modified nucleotides, dinucleotides some single and double... ...bond name)? Give some examples of molecules... ...bond names)? Give some examples of molecules... ...bond name)? Give some examples of molecules... ...bond name)? Give some examples of molecules... ...for energy production; some are also used... ...branched or unbranched some are easily broken... ...(examples: starch, glycogen) some are harder to... ...in your diet some fungi, bacteria, and... ...insoluble in water (some do have polar... ...carbon and hydrogen some oxygen and/or phosphorus,... ...animals must obtain some amino acids from... ...proteins (covered in some detail later in... ...modified nucleotides, dinucleotides some single and double... ...edge of resolution some modifications of LMs... ...of LMs and some treatments of cells... ...subcellular structure in some cases Resolution of... ...membrane, often using some sort of detergent... ...regions allow for some selection in what... ...for cell division (“-some” = body) nucleoli... ...to the cytoplasm some are free in... ...microbodies, and in some definitions the nuclear... ...in the Golgi some materials are needed... ...material, or in some cases dead or... ...most protozoa and some animal cells; usually... ...from mitochondrial division some cells require more... ...in termite guts some genes appear to... ...algae and plants) some argue that endosymbionts... ...eukaryotes must use some alternative MTOC during... ...tight junctions between some animal cells are... ...allow exchange of some materials between the... ...edge of resolution some modifications of LMs... ...of LMs and some treatments of cells... ...subcellular structure in some cases Resolution of... ...membrane, often using some sort of detergent... ...regions allow for some selection in what... ...for cell division (“-some” = body) nucleoli... ...to the cytoplasm some are free in... ...microbodies, and in some definitions the nuclear... ...in the Golgi some materials are needed... ...material, or in some cases dead or... ...most protozoa and some animal cells; usually... ...from mitochondrial division some cells require more... ...in termite guts some genes appear to... ...algae and plants) some argue that endosymbionts... ...eukaryotes must use some alternative MTOC during... ...was proposed where some proteins are imbedded... ...membrane by detergents some integral proteins are... ...of transmembrane proteins some wind back-and-forth across... ...are selectively permeable some substances readily pass... ...pass through easily some examples of molecules... ...acids, sugars, ions some passage across the... ...energy), and in some cases is harvested... ...whole cells in some cases) pinocytosis –... ...changes shape in some way and transfers... ...needed, what are some concepts that you... ...was proposed where some proteins are imbedded... ...membrane by detergents some integral proteins are... ...of transmembrane proteins some wind back-and-forth across... ...are selectively permeable some substances readily pass... ...pass through easily some examples of molecules... ...acids, sugars, ions some passage across the... ...energy), and in some cases is harvested... ...whole cells in some cases) pinocytosis –... ...changes shape in some way and transfers... ...tight junctions between some animal cells are... ...allow exchange of some materials between the... ...every energy conversion, some energy is converted... ...harvest energy from some chemicals; the acceptors... ...be supplied in some way before the... ...many names give some indication of substrate... ...–ase (example: sucrase) some end in –zyme... ...–zyme (example: lysozyme) some traditional names are... ...cells, overlapping in some areas and diverging... ...is oxidized? Give some examples of compounds... ...every energy conversion, some energy is converted... ...harvest energy from some chemicals; the acceptors... ...be supplied in some way before the... ...many names give some indication of substrate... ...–ase (example: sucrase) some end in –zyme... ...–zyme (example: lysozyme) some traditional names are... ...cells, overlapping in some areas and diverging... ...process at least some of the time;... ...is consumed in some reactions and generated... ...round figures, and some of the energy... ...electron transport chain some other compound such... ...NAD+ performed by some bacteria and fungi,... ...process at least some of the time;... ...is consumed in some reactions and generated... ...round figures, and some of the energy... ...electron transport chain some other compound such... ...NAD+ performed by some bacteria and fungi,... ...plants, algae, and some bacteria photoheterotrophs –... ...molecules and use some of it to... ...to fix CO2; some bacteria chemoheterotrophs –... ...is consumed in some steps and produced... ...efficiency of photosynthesis some byproducts are broken... ...produced; in fact, some are consumed) called... ...by all plants, some plants have supplemental... ...plants, algae, and some bacteria photoheterotrophs –... ...molecules and use some of it to... ...to fix CO2; some bacteria chemoheterotrophs –... ...is consumed in some steps and produced... ...efficiency of photosynthesis some byproducts are broken... ...produced; in fact, some are consumed) called... ...by all plants, some plants have supplemental... ...two separate cells some cells can have... ...in animals and some other eukaryotes, centrioles... ...from opposite poles some call the later... ...to microtubules in some eukaryotes the nuclear... ...that purposefully distributes some materials unequally Chapter... ...two separate cells some cells can have... ...in animals and some other eukaryotes, centrioles... ...from opposite poles some call the later... ...to microtubules in some eukaryotes the nuclear... ...that purposefully distributes some materials unequally Chapter... ...of chromosomes at some point without such... ...interkinesis is brief (some cells skip it... ...animal plants and some algae have distinct... ...of chromosomes at some point without such... ...interkinesis is brief (some cells skip it... ...animal plants and some algae have distinct... ...times of stress; some types of DNA... ...merely hidden in some “carrier” individuals Mendel... ...at least give some idea of the... ...sure to work some examples on your... ...sure to try some on your own... ...is seen for some traits Do all... ...genetic inheritance has some aspect of at... ...desired gene in some cases, particularly if... ...of pedigree analysis (some human genetic disorders... ...disorder, and in some cases the test... ...merely hidden in some “carrier” individuals Mendel... ...at least give some idea of the... ...sure to work some examples on your... ...sure to try some on your own... ...is seen for some traits Do all... ...genetic inheritance has some aspect of at... ...sure to try some on your own... ...males and females some organisms (like fruit... ...the heterogametic sex some (like humans and... ...heterozygote advantage – some positive attribute that... ...of pedigree analysis (some human genetic disorders... ...desired gene in some cases, particularly if... ...disorder, and in some cases the test... ...sure to try some of the sex... ...males and females some organisms (like fruit... ...the heterogametic sex some (like humans and... ...or structure cause some genetic disorders in... ...called monosomics (2n-1) some organisms may have... ...with heavy acne; some correlation with mild... ...genes are lost some medium-sized deletions lead... ...duplicates fragile sites some chromosomes have regions... ...strain killed mice some “transforming principle” from... ...replication later generations: some 14N only, some... ...some 14N only, some still with roughly... ...cell generation in some cells, special telomerase... ...strain killed mice some “transforming principle” from... ...replication later generations: some 14N only, some... ...some 14N only, some still with roughly... ...cell generation in some cells, special telomerase... ...found only for some regions of DNA,... ...generated genetically also, some proteins have multiple... ...proteins RNA has some structural distinctions from... ...DNA templates (thus, some genes code for... ...the central dogma some genes are for... ...final product) for some viruses use RNA... ...their genetic material some never use DNA... ...never use DNA some use the enzyme... ...making mRNA and some small RNA molecules... ...making tRNA and some small RNA molecules... ...still always requires some specific sequence to... ...degenerate or redundant: some amino acids are... ...than one codon (some have only one,... ...have only one, some as many as... ...have no tRNA some tRNAs are able... ...third base allows some “wobble” where basepairing... ...this accounts for some of the degeneracy... ...wobble occurs for some) the binding step... ...the final mRNA some stretches of bases... ...from none for some genes up to... ...exons RNAs in some of the snRNPs... ...exons exist? in some cases, alternative RNA... ...genes complications in some scenarios make it... ...are thus carcinogens some DNA regions are... ...called frameshift mutations some mutations are caused... ...is unknown, but some larger ones can... ...signals signals are some sort of change... ...generated genetically also, some proteins have multiple... ...proteins RNA has some structural distinctions from... ...DNA templates (thus, some genes code for... ...the central dogma some genes are for... ...a final product) some viruses use RNA... ...their genetic material (some never use DNA;... ...never use DNA; some use the enzyme... ...making mRNA and some small RNA molecules... ...making tRNA and some small RNA molecules... ...still always requires some specific sequence to... ...degenerate or redundant: some amino acids are... ...than one codon (some have only one,... ...have only one, some as many as... ...have no tRNA some tRNAs are able... ...third base allows some “wobble” where basepairing... ...this accounts for some of the degeneracy... ...wobble occurs for some) the binding step... ...the final mRNA some stretches of bases... ...from none for some genes up to... ...exons RNAs in some of the snRNPs... ...exons exist? in some cases, alternative RNA... ...genes complications in some scenarios make it... ...are thus carcinogens some DNA regions are... ...called frameshift mutations some mutations are caused... ...is unknown, but some larger ones can... ...signals signals are some sort of change... ...of cut varies; some leave “sticky ends”,... ...vectors must have some way of being... ...of being propagated some types of vectors... ...in cell division some type of vectors... ...contain several plasmids some eukaryotic cells commonly... ...transferred into cells some of this “transduction”... ...recombinant DNA in some eukaryotes vectors typically... ...too cool, where some nonspecific annealing can... ...be made with some nucleotides that are... ...it is replacing some uses of RFLP... ...of genetic engineering (some examples) transgenic organism... ...the environment in some way are closely... ...in response to some of the most... ...rates of decay some allow for measurement... ...be dated in some way; no truly... ...be expected for some modern distributions of... ...be used in some cases as a... ...clock to make some inference about when... ...the idea that some fossils represent species... ...modified by selection some examples are different... ...in response to some of the most... ...population vary, and some of the variation... ...rates of decay some allow for measurement... ...been dated in some way; no truly... ...be expected for some modern distributions of... ...be used in some cases as a... ...clock to make some inference about when... ...to recognize that some mutations are advantageous... ...the idea that some fossils represent species... ...modified by selection some examples are different... ...population vary, and some of the variation... ...to recognize that some mutations are advantageous... ...is seen in some cases, where inbred... ...as environments change some previously neutral variation... ...is seen in some cases, where inbred... ...as environments change some previously neutral variation... ...always clear-cut, because some can interbreed under... ...of mating; examples: some garter snakes; some... ...some garter snakes; some flycatchers temporal isolation... ...mating seasons in some skunks; flowering time... ...flowering time in some plants; mating time... ...mating time in some fruit flies behavioral... ...frog; crosses between some salamander subspecies hybrid... ...generation; crosses between some rice strains the... ...genetic basis for some reproductive barriers have... ...complete – often some level of hybridization... ...model) there is some fossil evidence for... ...which would explain some of the lack... ...always clear-cut, because some can interbreed under... ...of mating; examples: some garter snakes; some... ...some garter snakes; some flycatchers temporal isolation... ...mating seasons in some skunks; flowering time... ...flowering time in some plants; mating time... ...mating time in some fruit flies behavioral... ...frog; crosses between some salamander subspecies hybrid... ...generation; crosses between some rice strains the... ...genetic basis for some reproductive barriers have... ...complete – often some level of hybridization... ...model) there is some fossil evidence for... ...which would explain some of the lack... ...the solar system) some models go out... ...building blocks on some sand, clay, or... ...microspheres show that some spontaneous production and... ...of reactions, including some self-catalytic reactions RNA... ...Bowling, give me some dates to learn... ...and sediment in some areas stromatolites are... ...reduced organic molecules some anaerobic organisms survive... ...to no oxygen some evolved adaptations to... ...presence of oxygen some organisms developed means... ...how at least some of the eukaryotic... ...have already covered some of the major... ...as dinosaurs, which some scientists do) most... ...have all achieved some measure of “dominance”... ...the solar system) some models go out... ...building blocks on some sand, clay, or... ...microspheres show that some spontaneous production and... ...of reactions, including some self-catalytic reactions RNA... ...Bowling, give me some dates to learn... ...and sediment in some areas stromatolites are... ...reduced organic molecules some anaerobic organisms survive... ...to no oxygen some evolved adaptations to... ...presence of oxygen some organisms developed means... ...how at least some of the eukaryotic... ...have already covered some of the major... ...as dinosaurs, which some scientists do) most... ...have all achieved some measure of “dominance”... ...and what are some likely consequences of...
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