...Transport in Vascular Plants Lecture Outline Overview:...
...Outline Overview: Underground Plants The perennial stone...
...photosynthetic tissues. Stone plants conserve moisture and...
...The success of plants depends largely on...
...Concept 36.1 Land plants acquire resources from...
...and below-ground. Land plants live in two...
...algal ancestors of plants obtained water, minerals,...
...The earliest land plants were nonvascular, leafless...
...rhizoids. As land plants evolved, competition for...
...nutrients intensified. Taller plants with broad, flat...
...area of tall plants, however, resulted in...
...growth and metabolism. Plants have evolved many...
...the ground. Land plants must also minimize...
...light absorption. Some plants have horizontally oriented...
...and reduced photosynthesis. Plants vary in their...
...extent of branching. Plants also vary in...
...thickness. Most tall plants require thick stems,...
...rely on other plants to raise their...
...and minerals. As plants became less dependent...
...of land by plants, especially in poorly...
...membranes. Transport in plants begins with the...
...or firm. Healthy plants are turgid most...
...with wide vessels. Plants lose an astonishing...
...margins of some plants. In most plants,...
...plants. In most plants, root pressure is...
...meters, and many plants generate no root...
...used by small plants to refill blocked...
...ratios. In many plants, leaf shape is...
...environmental control. Desert plants have lower stomatal...
...than do marsh plants. High light intensities...
...that reduce transpiration. Plants adapted to regions...
...leaves of CAM plants take in CO2...
...species of desert plants avoid drought by...
...cells. In some plants, companion cells (transfer...
...symplast. In many plants, sieve-tube elements and...
...in nonflowering vascular plants, the pores between...
...to all vascular plants. Sinks vary in...
...to unload sugars. Plants may have more...
...studied extensively in plants that have rapid...

...Outline Overview: Plastic Plants? The fanwort, an...
...is characteristic of plants. The fanwort has...
...responses of individual plants to specific environments,...
...result, no two plants are identical. Angiosperms...
...tissues, and cells. Plants, like multicellular animals,...
...particular functions. Vascular plants have three basic...
...morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolutionary...
...different environments. Vascular plants obtain water and...
...the soil. Vascular plants obtain CO2 and...
...they need, vascular plants have evolved two...
...In seedless vascular plants and most monocots,...
...epidermal cells. Some plants have modified roots....
...evolved in many plants. These shoots, which...
...organs of most plants. The leaf is...
...organs of most plants, although green stems...
...petioles. In these plants, the base of...
...identify and classify plants. For example, simple...
...for photosynthesis. Some plants have leaves that...
...covering. In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue...
...water. In woody plants, protective tissues called...
...element. In some plants, companion cells in...
...major difference between plants and most animals...
...juvenile period. Most plants demonstrate indeterminate growth,...
...the first year. Plants such as trees,...
...dioxide. In herbaceous plants, primary growth produces...
...plant body. Woody plants also show secondary...
...apical meristems. Herbaceous plants and the youngest...
...parts of woody plants represent the primary...
...apex. In some plants, including grasses, internodes...
...prolonged period. These plants have meristematic regions...
...roots in woody plants. The stems and...
...growth in perennial plants ceases during the...
...gases. In most plants, water and minerals...
...the study of plants. Modern molecular techniques...
...of these small plants can be cultivated...
...of all known plants. Arabidopsis was the...
...blueprint for how plants develop, a major...
...expansion. This enables plants to grow economically...
...and roots increases plants’ exposure to light...
...immobile lifestyle of plants. In a growing...
...into tiny adult plants with all their...
...cloning of whole plants from single somatic...
...different lineages. In plants, a cell’s developmental...
...in development. In plants, developmental changes can...
...phase. In some plants, the result of...
...the development of plants versus animals. In...
...adult animal. In plants, phase changes during...

...can assimilate. Most plants depend on mutualistic...
...cause diseases in plants and animals. Concept...
...infect humans and plants, are pathogenic. Fungi...
...other minerals to plants because the vast...
...Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and...
...they are to plants or other eukaryotes....
...the first vascular plants from the late...
...evidence of mycorrhizae. Plants likely existed in...
...parasitize protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Other...
...90% of all plants. Ascomycetes are sac...
...form mycorrhizae with plants or live between...
...symbiotic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and...
...agriculture. Most vascular plants form mutualistic associations...
...of woody flowering plants play an important...
...on or in plants. Cryphonectria parasitica, the...
...fungi than are plants. Only about 50...

...Evolution of Seed Plants Lecture Outline Overview:...
...that enabled seed plants to be the...
...and harvest of plants (especially angiosperms), began...
...began to cultivate plants independently in various...
...The cultivation of plants was the single...
...success of seed plants. These adaptations, including...
...ways for seed plants to cope with...
...adaptations enabled seed plants to reproduce under...
...of conditions. Seed plants have reduced gametophytes....
...whereas seedless vascular plants have sporophyte-dominated life...
...lineage of vascular plants that led to...
...led to seed plants. Seedless vascular plants...
...plants. Seedless vascular plants have tiny gametophytes...
...gametophytes of seed plants are microscopically small...
...sporophyte. In seed plants, the delicate female...
...gametophytes of seed plants obtain nutrients from...
...of seedless vascular plants must fend for...
...rule among seed plants. Nearly all seedless...
...Nearly all seedless plants are homosporous, producing...
...bisexual gametophyte. Seed plants likely had homosporous...
...ancestors. All seed plants are heterosporous, producing...
...(sperm-containing) gametophytes. Seed plants produce ovules. In...
...heterosporous seedless vascular plants, seed plants are...
...vascular plants, seed plants are unique in...
...and seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm...
...of most seed plants lack flagella and...
...the seed enabled plants to resist harsh...
...and seedless vascular plants, single-celled spores are...
...for the moss plants themselves to survive....
...main way that plants spread over Earth...
...lineages of seed plants into two monophyletic...
...group of Devonian plants, including Archaeopteris, that...
...The first seed-bearing plants appeared in the...
...by seedless vascular plants. The flora and...
...in all seed plants, such as seeds...
...produced by female plants produce a repulsive...
...different genera. Weltwitschia plants, from deserts in...
...adaptations of seed plants. The life cycle...
...life in seed plants: Increasing dominance of...
...like all seed plants, are heterosporous. Male...
...known as flowering plants, are seed plants...
...plants, are seed plants that produce flowers...
...widespread of all plants, including more than...
...common to all plants. All angiosperms are...
...replaced by flowering plants in many habitats....
...with 173 living plants. The researchers concluded...
...ancestors of flowering plants were herbaceous rather...
...originated as aquatic plants. Fast-growing herbaceous plants...
...plants. Fast-growing herbaceous plants could have returned...
...with other seed plants and then later...
...to extinct seed plants such as the...
...origin of flowering plants are emerging from...
...origin of flowering plants, researchers are currently...
...late 1990s, flowering plants were divided into...
...The majority of plants traditionally called “dicots”...
...dicots. The remaining plants are divided into...
...lineages of flowering plants. Amborella is a...
...evolution of terrestrial plants, and vice versa....
...and vice versa. Plants and animals have...
...a group of plants, those plants may...
...of plants, those plants may be favored...
...dominance of flowering plants in the Cretaceous...
...greatly on seed plants. Humans depend greatly...
...greatly on seed plants as key sources...
...the domestication of plants 13,000 years ago....
...How did wild plants change so dramatically...
...unconscious selection for plants with desirable traits,...
...all living seedless plants and consists of...
...depend on seed plants for medicines. Most...
...many of these plants, leading to the...
...or derived from plants. Plant diversity is...
...nonrenewable resource. Although plants are a renewable...
...history of land plants (and many other...
...species of seed plants Researchers have investigated...
...chest of healing plants that could be...

...Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Lecture...
...million years ago, plants, fungi, and animals...
...years ago, taller plants appeared, leading to...
...290,000 species of plants inhabit Earth today....
...Earth today. Most plants live in terrestrial...
...habitats. Even aquatic plants are referred to...
...to as land plants, to distinguish them...
...The presence of plants has enabled other...
...by stabilizing landscapes. Plants are the source...
...Concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green...
...relatives of land plants. Many key characteristics...
...characteristics of land plants also appear in...
...protists, primarily algae. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic,...
...fit this description. Plants have cell walls...
...and brown algae. Plants have chloroplasts with...
...traits with land plants, which strongly suggests...
...closest relatives of plants. The plasma membranes...
...membranes of land plants and charophytes possess...
...charophytes and land plants have peroxisome enzymes...
...charophytes and land plants with sperm is...
...to only land plants and the most...
...wide range of plants and algae support...
...relatives of land plants. Many charophyte algae...
...descendents—the first land plants—to live permanently above...
...the first land plants opened up an...
...adaptations evolved in plants that allowed them...
...traits distinguish land plants from algae. What...
...that divides land plants from algae? We...
...Plantae with embryophytes (plants with embryos). Four...
...nearly all land plants but are absent...
...traits of land plants. The four traits...
...not unique to plants; not every land...
...embryos. All land plants show alternation of...
...related to land plants. In alternation of...
...generations in land plants (and some algae)...
...embryo of land plants is such a...
...trait that land plants are also known...
...placental mammals. In plants, walled spores are...
...groups of living plants, the sperm have...
...gametophytes of seed plants are so reduced...
...show that early plants formed symbiotic associations...
...fungi. Most modern plants are associated with...
...may have allowed plants to colonize land...
...roots. Many land plants produce secondary compounds,...
...and medicines. Land plants have apical meristems....
...the soil. Therefore, plants show varying degrees...
...shoots in most plants. The elongation and...
...internal tissues. Land plants have diversified since...
...those of living plants, they have some...
...differences. Unlike living plants, the fossil spores...
...tissue in living plants. Land plants can...
...living plants. Land plants can be informally...
...plant body. Most plants have a complex...
...are called vascular plants. Plants that do...
...called vascular plants. Plants that do not...
...described as “nonvascular plants,” although some mosses...
...vascular tissue. Nonvascular plants are informally called...
...traits with vascular plants, such as multicellular...
...true leaves. Vascular plants form a clade...
...of all land plants. Three smaller clades...
...within the vascular plants. Lycophytes include club...
...the seedless vascular plants. The seedless vascular...
...The seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic, not...
...the seedless vascular plants is called a...
...clade of vascular plants is the seed...
...is the seed plants, the vast majority...
...majority of living plants. A seed is...
...protective coat. Seed plants can be divided...
...called “naked seed” plants because their seeds...
...including all flowering plants. Angiosperm seeds develop...
...and other nonvascular plants have life cycles...
...gametophytes. The nonvascular plants (bryophytes) are represented...
...to all nonvascular plants. Systematists continue to...
...of modern vascular plants. Bryophytes also possess...
...of the earliest plants. In bryophytes, gametophytes...
...tissue of vascular plants. As a result,...
...later in vascular plants. Moss sporophytes consist...
...those of vascular plants. Stomata support photosynthesis...
...lineage of land plants, then stomata evolved...
...mosses, and vascular plants. If hornworts or...
...lineage of land plants, or if bryophytes...
...relatives of vascular plants, then hornworts may...
...mosses and vascular plants. Wind dispersal of...
...available. Few vascular plants can survive the...
...and for packing plants’ roots because of...
...other seedless vascular plants were the first...
...were the first plants to grow tall....
...communities existed. Vascular plants still dominate most...
...living seedless vascular plants provide insights into...
...periods, when vascular plants began to diversify...
...groups of seed plants had not yet...
...other seedless vascular plants had well-developed vascular...
...stage for vascular plants to grow taller...
...other seedless vascular plants are flagellated and...
...modern seedless vascular plants are most common...
...of today’s vascular plants date back about...
...Unlike bryophytes, these plants had branched sporophytes...
...multiple sporangia. These plants had some derived...
...of living vascular plants, but they lacked...
...characterize modern vascular plants: Life cycles with...
...called sporophylls Vascular plants have life cycles...
...ancestors of vascular plants had life cycles...
...Among living vascular plants, the sporophyte (diploid)...
...the leafy fern plants that you are...
...gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on...
...extreme in seed plants. Vascular plants have...
...seed plants. Vascular plants have two types...
...of all vascular plants includes tracheids, tube-shaped...
...roots. Because nonvascular plants lack tracheids, vascular...
...lack tracheids, vascular plants are sometimes referred...
...cells in vascular plants are lignified, strengthened...
...tissue permitted vascular plants to grow to...
...stems of vascular plants became strong enough...
...evolutionary innovation. Tall plants shaded other plants,...
...plants shaded other plants, reducing their access...
...height gave vascular plants a competitive edge...
...that anchor vascular plants and enable them...
...in ancient vascular plants. It is not...
...of all vascular plants or independently in...
...of living vascular plants from various lineages...
...ferns and seed plants lacked roots. Studying...
...area of vascular plants to capture light....
...All other vascular plants have megaphylls, leaves...
...leaf development. Vascular plants have sporophylls, modified...
...have sporophylls, modified plants that bear sporangia....
...Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing...
...gametophytes. All seed plants and a few...
...few seedless vascular plants are heterosporous. Biologists...
...living seedless vascular plants. Living seedless vascular...
...Living seedless vascular plants form two clades:...
...lycophytes: small, herbaceous plants and giant, woody...
...which are nonvascular plants. Phylum Pterophyta includes...
...related to seed plants than to lycophytes....
...pterophytes and seed plants show overtopping growth,...
...the only vascular plants lacking true roots....
...true roots. These plants had been considered...
...to early vascular plants. However, comparisons of...
...evolution. Seedless vascular plants played an important...
...and leaves, these plants accelerated their rate...
...Carboniferous period, dead plants did not fully...
...Coal, formed from plants that contributed to...

...that are not plants, animals, or fungi....
...resemble those in plants. These analogous features...
...life cycle of plants. The complex life...
...parasites of terrestrial plants. Oomycetes are dispersed...
...relatives of land plants. More than a...
...to the land plants. Together, red algae,...
...algae, and land plants make up the...
...to those of plants. Molecular systematics and...
...algae and land plants are closely related....
...related to land plants. Concept 28.6 Unikonts...
...multicellular animals and plants. Gymnamoebas are a...

...variety of algae, plants, fungi, and animals....
...beautifully preserved embryos. Plants, fungi, and animals...
...the form of plants, fungi, and animals...
...land. For example, plants evolved a vascular...
...years ago, small plants (about 10 cm...
...million years later, plants had diversified greatly...
...reeds and treelike plants with true roots...
...roots and leaves. Plants colonized land in...
...roots of most plants are associated with...
...isolated. Lineages of plants and animals diverge...
...families of terrestrial plants and animals, including...
...explosion; and the plants, insects, and tetrapod...
...radiation of land plants followed the evolution...
...diversification of land plants stimulated a series...
...ate or pollinated plants, making insects the...

...Islands and found plants and animals that...
...and fertile, but plants in the next...
...populations of stray plants and animals from...
...Guinea. Many unique plants and animals are...
...sexual selection. In plants, sympatric speciation can...
...new species of plants called goatsbeard (Tragopodon)...
...Tragopodon species. Many plants important for agriculture...
...create new polyploid plants with special qualities....
...parent population. In plants, the most common...
...84 groups of plants and animals found...
...genetic differences between plants. Two gene loci...

...the genomes of plants and prokaryotes provides...
...vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. The accumulated genome...
...multicellular animals and plants have genomes with...
...insects, amphibians, and plants and less of...
...she tracked corn plants through multiple generations,...
...amphibians and many plants. In humans and...
...happens often in plants. Scientists can compare...
...related eukaryotes, including plants, yeasts, and even...
...in animals and plants virtually unchanged for...
...of development in plants and animals reflect...
...of animals and plants was a single-celled...
...lineages of organisms. Plants evolved with rigid...
...animals. Morphogenesis in plants relies primarily on...
...between animals and plants, there are similarities...
...both animals and plants, development relies on...
...differ considerably in plants and animals. Many...
...be found in plants and Mads-box genes...
...in animals and plants. Lecture Outline for...

...The cloning of plants and animals was...
...of differentiation. Whole plants have been cloned...
...to clone whole plants from single differentiated...
...into normal adult plants, each genetically identical...
...the DNA. In plants, mature cells can...
...agriculture to reproduce plants that have valuable...
...“pharm” animals and plants. In some cases,...
...to develop “pharm” plants, analogous to “pharm”...
...“pharm” animals. “Pharm” plants make human proteins...
...in wastewater treatment plants to degrade chlorinated...
...to disease, however. Plants are easier to...
...into Agrobacterium; susceptible plants or plant cells...
...resulted in rice plants that can grow...
...supply. Salinity-resistant crop plants would be enormously...
...value of crop plants. For instance, scientists...
...developed transgenic rice plants that produce yellow...
...of growing GM plants. Although a small...
...fear that transgenic plants might pass their...
...areas. If crop plants carrying genes for...
...pests pollinated wild plants, the offspring might...
...protein might cause plants to produce pollen...