...of variation in plants. These influences came...
...the breeding of plants, including peas. Around...
...study inheritance. Pea plants have several advantages...
...genetic study. Pea plants are available in...
...of his pea plants. Each pea plant...
...In nature, pea plants typically self-fertilize, fertilizing...
...true-breeding. When true-breeding plants self-pollinate, all their...
...analysis of F2 plants that revealed two...
...and white-flowered pea plants would have pale...
...allowed the F1 plants to self-fertilize, the...
...purple-flowered and white-flowered plants. The white trait,...
...705 purple-flowered F2 plants and 224 white-flowered...
...224 white-flowered F2 plants. This cross produced...
...in the F1 plants but did not...
...reappearance of white-flowered plants in the F2...
...In the F2 plants, 75% of the...
...color in pea plants exists in two...
...in the true-breeding plants of the P...
...example, the F1 plants inherited a purple-flower...
...the other. The plants had purple flowers...
...PP and Pp plants have the same...
...Mendel crossed true-breeding plants that had yellow,...
...(YYRR) with true-breeding plants that had green,...
...(yyrr). The F1 plants are dihybrid individuals...
...cross between pea plants that are PpYyRr...
...and heterozygous pea plants produce enough enzymes...

...The chloroplasts of plants use a process...
...biosphere. Almost all plants are autotrophs; the...
...from the air. Plants are photoautotrophs, using...
...of photosynthesis in plants. All green parts...
...photosynthesis for most plants. There are about...
...given off by plants comes from H2O,...
...applied it to plants, proposing this reaction...
...Niel hypothesized that plants split water as...
...H2O + 2S Plants: CO2 + 2H2O +...
...cycle in most plants occurs during daylight...
...including cyanobacteria and plants. What is the...
...these autotrophs? Mutant plants that are not...
...problems facing terrestrial plants is dehydration. Metabolic...
...hot, dry days, plants close their stomata...
...relic. In most plants (C3 plants), initial...
...most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of...
...compound, 3-phosphoglycerate. C3 plants include rice, wheat,...
...stomata of C3 plants partially close on...
...however. In many plants—including crop plants—photorespiration drains...
...many plants—including crop plants—photorespiration drains away as...
...protective role in plants. Plants that are...
...role in plants. Plants that are genetically...
...one strategy, C4 plants first fix CO2...
...compound. Several thousand plants in 19 plant...
...photosynthesis. In C4 plants, there are two...
...sugar production. C4 plants thrive in hot...
...found in succulent plants, cacti, pineapples, and...
...plant families. These plants open their stomata...
...the night, these plants fix CO2 into...
...cells of CAM plants store the organic...
...C4 and CAM plants add CO2 to...
...cycle. In C4 plants, carbon fixation and...
...separated. In CAM plants, carbon fixation and...
...Both types of plants eventually use the...
...surface of Earth. Plants also store excess...
...or partially consume plants for fuel and...

...for coal power plants throughout Change in...
...coal fired power plants? ay?docid=-2058273530743771382 e. hydrological...
...natural CO1) Oceans2) Plants and soil• Oceans...
...Positive feedback?•CO•Plankton and plants: Negative feedback?•Clouds: Negative...
...2 coal-fired power plants) and storinformations (e.g....
...fossil fuel power plants?Two options:•Batteries•Hydrogen fuel cellsIn...

...for coal power plants throughout 1980s-1990s in...
...coal fired power plants? A solution to...
...CO2 sinks: Oceans Plants and soil Oceans...
...feedback? Plankton and plants: Negative feedback? Clouds:...
...or coal-fired power plants) and storing these...
...fossil fuel power plants? Two options: Batteries...

...CO and CO2. Plants are largest source....
...can directly damage plants, or can cause...
...2/3 from coal-fired plants; dispersed in atmosphere...
...Sources: Coal-fired power plants, transportation - smoke...

...can assimilate. Most plants depend on mutualistic...
...infect humans and plants, are pathogenic. Fungi...
...they are to plants or other eukaryotes....
...the first vascular plants from the Silurian...
...symbiotic relationships between plants and subterranean fungi....
...others parasitize protists, plants, and animals. However,...
...other minerals to plants. In exchange, the...
...In exchange, the plants supply the fungi...
...90% of all plants. Phylum Ascomycota: Sac...
...form mycorrhizae with plants or live between...
...symbiotic relationships with plants, algae, and animals....
...Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and...
...on or in plants. Invasive ascomycetes have...
...fungi than are plants. Only about 50...

...Evolution of Seed Plants Lecture Outline Overview...
...years ago. Seed plants, including gymnosperms and...
...and harvest of plants (especially angiosperms), began...
...the cultivation of plants independently in various...
...gametophytes of seed plants are protected in...
...success of seed plants. These adaptations include...
...while seedless vascular plants have sporophyte-dominated life...
...lineage of vascular plants that led to...
...led to seed plants. Seedless vascular plants...
...plants. Seedless vascular plants have tiny gametophytes...
...gametophytes of seed plants are microscopically small...
...sporophyte. In seed plants, the delicate female...
...gametophytes of seed plants obtain nutrients from...
...of seedless vascular plants must fend for...
...rule among seed plants. Nearly all seedless...
...Nearly all seedless plants are homosporous, producing...
...hermaphroditic gametophyte. Seed plants likely had homosporous...
...ancestors. All seed plants are heterosporous, producing...
...(sperm-containing) gametophytes. Seed plants produce ovules. Unlike...
...heterosporous seedless vascular plants, seed plants are...
...vascular plants, seed plants are unique in...
...and seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm...
...archegonium. In seed plants, the female gametophyte...
...sperm of seed plants lack flagella and...
...diversity of seed plants. Seeds became an...
...the seed enabled plants to resist harsh...
...and seedless vascular plants, single-celled spores are...
...for the moss plants themselves to survive....
...main way that plants spread over Earth...
...produced by female plants produce a repulsive...
...different genera. Weltwitschia plants, from deserts in...
...group of Devonian plants that were heterosporous...
...The first seed plants to appear in...
...clades of seed plants are gymnosperms and...
...by seedless vascular plants. The flora and...
...adaptations of seed plants. The life cycle...
...life in seed plants Increasing dominance of...
...like all seed plants, are heterosporous. Male...
...known as flowering plants, are vascular seed...
...are vascular seed plants that produce flowers...
...widespread of all plants, including more than...
...away in many plants. If a flower...
...By selectively breeding plants, humans have capitalized...
...common to all plants. All angiosperms are...
...radiation of flowering plants. The oldest angiosperm...
...become the dominant plants on Earth. In...
...ancestors of flowering plants were herbaceous rather...
...originated as aquatic plants. Others dispute this,...
...late 1990s, flowering plants were divided into...
...The majority of plants traditionally called dicots...
...eudicots. The remaining plants are divided into...
...lineages of flowering plants. Amborella is a...
...evolution of terrestrial plants and vice versa....
...and vice versa. Plants and animals have...
...Natural selection favored plants that kept their...
...were beneficial to plants by dispersing their...
...and fruits of plants. Natural selection reinforced...
...greatly on seed plants The absolute dependence...
...between animals and plants. Like other organisms,...
...manipulate or select plants that maximize the...
...rely on seed plants for food, fuel,...
...on angiosperms. Flowering plants provide nearly all...
...the domestication of plants 13,000 years ago....
...How did wild plants change so dramatically...
...unconscious selection for plants with desirable traits,...
...all living seedless plants and consists of...
...depend on seed plants for medicines. Most...
...many of these plants, leading to the...
...nonrenewable resource. Although plants are a renewal...
...depend on these plants also go extinct....
...We depend on plants for food, building...
...who used the plants in preparing their...
...chest of healing plants that could be...
...of photosynthesis. Seed plants you dont see...
...extinct group of plants that is probably...

...Diversity I How Plants Colonized Land Lecture...
...million years ago, plants, fungi, and animals...
...290,000 species of plants inhabit Earth today....
...Earth today. Most plants live in terrestrial...
...The presence of plants has enabled other...
...by stabilizing landscapes. Plants are the source...
...Concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green...
...relatives of land plants. Many key characteristics...
...characteristics of land plants also appear in...
...of algal clades. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic,...
...fit this description. Plants have cell walls...
...and brown algae. Plants have chloroplasts with...
...few dinoflagellates. Land plants share four key...
...membranes of land plants and charophyceans possess...
...cell walls of plants and charophyceans contain...
...charophyceans and land plants is the presence...
...In those land plants that have flagellated...
...only to land plants and the most...
...relatives of land plants. Many charophycean algae...
...of spores from plants. The accumulation of...
...the first land plants opened an expanse...
...So, before the plants hit the land,...
...Concept 29.2 Land plants possess a set...
...that evolved in plants allowed them to...
...that divides land plants from algae We...
...Plantae with embryophytes (plants with embryos). Some...
...as well as plants. In other words,...
...nearly all land plants but are absent...
...traits of land plants. Remember, a derived...
...see them in plants and not protest...
...soil.(subterranean organs) Therefore, plants show varying amounts...
...shoots in most plants. The elongation and...
...generations All land plants show alternation of...
...related to land plants. While alternation of...
...generations in land plants (and some algae)...
...groups of living plants, the sperm have...
...gametophytes of seed plants are so small...
...embryo of land plants is such a...
...trait that land plants are also known...
...epidermis of many plants has a cuticle...
...attack. Many land plants produce secondary compounds,...
...pathogenic microbes. Land plants have diversified since...
...tissue in living plants. The fossilized spores...
...tissue in living plants. These fossils clearly...
...clearly belong to plants. A 2001 study...
...molecular clock of plants suggests that the...
...ancestor of living plants existed 700 million...
...ancestor of living plants existed 700 million...
...million years ago, plants, fungi, and animals...
...million years did plants enjoy life alone....
...in Oman. Land plants can be informally...
...the plant body. Plants that do not...
...described as nonvascular plants, although some mosses...
...vascular systems. Nonvascular plants are informally called...
...likely polyphyletic. Vascular plants form a clade...
...of all land plants. Bryophytes (no vascular...
...clade. Seedless Vascular plants 1. lycophytes include...
...within the vascular plants. Lycophytes include club...
...the seedless vascular plants. The third clade...
...clade of vascular plants are seed vascular...
...are seed vascular plants. Seed plants can...
...vascular plants. Seed plants can be divided...
...clade of vascular plants includes the seed...
...includes the seed plants, the vast majority...
...majority of living plants. A seed is...
...protective coat. Seed plants can be divided...
...called naked seed plants because their seeds...
...including all flowering plants with a vascular...
...to all nonvascular plants. It has not...
...of modern vascular plants. They also possess...
...of the earliest plants. In bryophytes, gametophytes...
...phloem of vascular plants. Vascular plants have...
...vascular plants. Vascular plants have xylem and...
...flagellated sperm. When plants are coated with...
...later in vascular plants. Moss sporophytes consist...
...those of vascular plants. These pores support...
...lineage of land plants, then stomata evolved...
...mosses and vascular plants. MOST TRUE BECAUSE...
...lineage of land plants, then stomata evolved...
...mosses and vascular plants. ON THEIR OWN,...
...A Few vascular plants can survive the...
...and for packing plants roots because of...
...other seedless vascular plants formed the first...
...other seedless vascular plants flourished in the...
...evolution of vascular plants. Modern seedless vascular...
...Modern seedless vascular plants provide insights into...
...period, when vascular plants began to diversify,...
...groups of seed plants had not yet...
...Modern seedless vascular plants today provide some...
...idea into how plants evolved during the...
...somewhat more complex plants began to diversify,...
...diversify, the seeded plants had not really...
...other seedless vascular plants are flagellated and...
...modern seedless vascular plants are most common...
...Todays seedless vascular plants have fragile gametophytes....
...of todays vascular plants ancestors date back...
...Unlike bryophytes, these plants had branched sporophytes...
...characterize modern vascular plants. Five main traits...
...characterize modern vascular plants Life cycles with...
...ancestors of vascular plants had life cycles...
...Among living vascular plants, the sporophyte generation...
...the leafy fern plants that you are...
...gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on...
...extreme in seed plants. Transport in xylem...
...and phloem Vascular plants have two types...
...of all vascular plants includes tracheids, tube-shaped...
...cells in vascular plants are lignified, strengthened...
...allows (permits) vascular plants to grow to...
...that anchor vascular plants and enable them...
...in ancient vascular plants. So, stems that...
...in ancient vascular plants may have evolved...
...of all vascular plants or independently in...
...ONE vascular seedless plants ancestor or in...
...area of vascular plants, capturing more solar...
...tissue) Seedless Vascular plants 1. lycophytes include...
...All other vascular plants have megaphylls, leaves...
...spore variations Vascular plants have sporophylls, modified...
...have sporophylls, modified plants that bear sporangia....
...variation among vascular plants is the distinction...
...Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing...
...homosporous. Seedless Vascular plants (lycophytes) ( produce...
...gametophytes. All seed plants and a few...
...few seedless vascular plants are heterosporous. All...
...All vascular seeded plants are heterosporous and...
...some seedless vascular plants (non-lycophytes, phetrophytes) are...
...of seedless vascular plants. Living seedless vascular...
...Living seedless vascular plants form two clades...
...lycophytes small, herbaceous plants and giant, woody...
...Lycophytes small herbaceous plants giant, woody trees...
...the only vascular plants lacking true roots...
...and leaves. These plants have been considered...
...to early vascular plants. However, comparisons of...
...to early vascular plants, their sperm ultrastructure...
...of seedless vascular plants. The ancestors of...
...and leaves, these plants accelerated their rate...
...the Carboniferous, dead plants did not fully...
...other seedless vascular plants dominated the wet...
...seed seedless vascular plants seta sorus sporangium...
...group of nonvascular plants that inhabit the...
...adaptations of vascular plants) gymno- 5 naked...
...(heterosporous referring to plants in which the...
...(homosporous referring to plants in which a...
...fern (pteridophytes seedless plants with true roots...

...wild populations of plants also means the...
...originally derived from plants. The loss of...
...introducing all the plants and animals mentioned...
...harvesting of wild plants and animals at...
...The understory of plants around the pine...
...toward vertebrates and plants, with less attention...
...prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted...
...For example, some plants adapted to soils...
...can use these plants to revegetate sites...
...then harvest the plants to remove the...
...the growth of plants that thrive in...
...regrowth of indigenous plants alongside roads in...
...enabled the indigenous plants to recolonize the...

...but only transformed. Plants and other photosynthetic...
...autotrophs are photosynthetic plants, algae or bacteria...
...photosynthetic prokaryotes, or plants, and only some...
...per unit time. Plants use some of...
...animals consume the plants rapidly. Different ecosystems...
...annually transpired by plants and evaporated from...
...herbivores in check Plants have defenses against...
...certain nutrients that plants tend to supply...
...Transpiration by terrestrial plants moves significant amounts...
...processes Photosynthesis by plants and phytoplankton fixes...
...algae and aquatic plants usually assimilate nutrients...
...prevent regrowth of plants. All the original...
...there were no plants to absorb and...
...controlled by the plants. Results of the...
...be absorbed by plants without damaging the...
...the health of plants and limit their...
...levels. Because C3 plants are more limited...
...limited than C4 plants by CO2 availability,...
...previously favoring C4 plants. For example, corn...