Modeling Guidance

Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Modeling, Guidance & Situational Inducement Chapter 18 Modeling: Definition,Factors, Applications Sample behavior presented to induce that behavior Showing someone how (eg be assertive) Others are doing something (eg drinking alcohol) Factors making modeling more likely (Bandura): Peer models Show consequences (model being successful) Multiple models Combine with rules Behavioral Rehearsal (Role rehearsal) Guidance: definition & uses Use of physical contact to guide through the motions of a response Focus on topography (e.g., golf swing) An added prompt to set up a different prompt (e.g., instructions, modeling) & later fade Fear-reduction (e.g., holding a child’s hand while entering the water) Examples of Rules & Partial Rules Pointing out natural contingencies (advice) “look at that beautiful sunset” “if you hold your racquet this way your serve will be more powerful” “you will do better if you answer the study questions” Pointing out contingencies we arrange Commands “if you want lunch, clean up your toys” Requests “please help me unload the groceries” Threats “lie one more time and you’re grounded” Why rules work: History of stimulus control This history has been repeated for numerous rules & behaviors (generalization) If rules have more often led to reinforcement & averted punishment, rules acquire strong stimulus control Thus, rules can be used to prompt behavior Contingency-Shaped behavior strengthened gradually, trial & error via immediate consequences Rule-Governed Behavior strengthened rapidly, because rule serves as prompt and behavior results in greater improvement When rules don’t work No history of rule following Rules interfere with contingency-shaped behavior Eventually rules must be faded and behavior become contingency shaped Sometimes easier to do what feels right than to have to think about exactly how to do something When rules are confusing, vague or make a situation that much more complex Four Conditions When Rules are Especially Helpful Rapid behavior change desired (new skill) Prompts: tells which behavior EO: reminds us of reinforcer Consequences are delayed (studying) EO: reminds us of reinforcer Natural reinforcers are highly intermittent (sales) Make response-reinforcer connection salient Behavior will lead to immediate & severe punishment (hot stove) Why we follow rules with delayed consequences Although reinforcer specified by rule is delayed, other more immediate reinforcers occur (eg, anxiety reduced when you study) Self-reinforcement (remind yourself of Sr) Past experience has created conditioned reinforcers for rule following & conditioned aversive stimuli for not Effective Rules Specific description of behavior more likely to be followed Specific description of circumstance (antecedent) who, what, when, where Specify highly probable consequences Specify sizeable consequence for each response (v. tiny consequence with cummulative significance: eg exercise) Deadline Break down complex rules to suit subject Fade rules so natural contingencies take over Goal: A rule that specifies a level of performance Evaluative: focus is on how well the behavior occurs, not just whether it occurs Objectively definable or quantifiable criteria (how many, how fast, what form, how accurate, consistency) Usually, associated with a skill, mastery, fluency Applied when consequences of improved performance are delayed and cumulative Effective Goals Specific (quality or quantity is defined) Study includes outlining, making flashcards and imagery 10 baskets Includes mastery criteria Meet daily goal 5 days out of 7 10 shots in a row Specifies circumstances (when studying PSY) Realistic but challenging Public goals Deadlines Combined with feedback Goal commitment Sd RULE Response FOLLOW RULE Sr GOOD OUTCOME “hold the racquet like this” holds racquet as shown serve improves Sd NO RULE Response Sr GOOD OUTCOME gets ready to serve Tries different ways of holding racquet Sometimes serve improves Sd RULE Response FOLLOW RULE Sr GOOD OUTCOME “hold the racquet like this” holds racquet as shown Serve improves greatly Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Modeling, Guidance & Situational Inducement Chapter 18 Modeling: Definition,Factors, Applications Sample behavior presented to induce that behavior Showing someone how (eg be assertive) Others are doing something (eg drinking alcohol) Factors making modeling more likely (Bandura): Peer models Show consequences (model being successful) Multiple models Combine with rules Behavioral Rehearsal (Role rehearsal) History of stimulus control This history has been repeated for numerous models & behaviors (generalized imitation) If modeling has more often led to reinforcement & averted punishment, models acquire strong stimulus control Thus, modeling can be used to prompt (induce) behavior Guidance: definition & uses Use of physical contact to guide through the motions of a response Focus on topography (e.g., golf swing) An added prompt to set up a different prompt (e.g., instructions, modeling) & later fade Fear-reduction (e.g., holding a child’s hand while entering the water) Situational Inducement Sd MODEL Response IMITATE MODEL Sr GOOD OUTCOME “JJ hits Suzy and gets toy” Nick hits Suzy Nick gets toy Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Modeling, Guidance & Situational Inducement Chapter 18 Modeling: Definition,Factors, Applications Sample behavior presented to induce that behavior Showing someone how (eg be assertive) Others are doing something (eg drinking alcohol) Factors making modeling more likely (Bandura): Peer models Show consequences (model being successful) Multiple models Combine with rules Behavioral Rehearsal (Role rehearsal) History of stimulus control This history has been repeated for numerous models & behaviors (generalized imitation) If modeling has more often led to reinforcement & averted punishment, models acquire strong stimulus control Thus, modeling can be used to prompt (induce) behavior Guidance: definition & uses Use of physical contact to guide through the motions of a response Focus on topography (e.g., golf swing) An added prompt to set up a different prompt (e.g., instructions, modeling) & later fade Fear-reduction (e.g., holding a child’s hand while entering the water) Situational Inducement Changing or introducing a situation in order to induce (or reduce) a response Methods Rearrange existing surroundings Rearrange furniture so kids can’t run around in a circle Move sofas closer together so people will converse Moving the activity Smoking only in the kitchen Spending time in a coffee shop to encourage initiating conversation Relocating people change seats in classroom to stop a child from distracting another) Changing the time exercise afternoon instead of morning