...a purpose of the inflammatory process? a....
...prevent infection of the in-jured tissue d....
...ANS: C If the epithelial barrier is...
...mobilized to limit the extent of damage,...
...and to initiate the repair of damaged...
...of damaged tissue. The other options do...
...a purpose of the inflammatory process. PTS:...
...resistance? a. Initiate the com- c. Secrete...
...sosomes. ANS: B The lung produces and...
...macrophages to recognize the microorganism, enhancing mac-...
...phagocytosis, and killing. The other options do...
...Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum...
...acid that provide the first-line barrier against...
...bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged...
...treatment can alter the normal intestinal flora,...
...and leading to the overgrowth of other...
...microorganisms, such as the yeast C. albicans...
...C. albicans or the bacterium C. difficile....
...bacterium C. difficile. The other options do...
...5. What causes the edema that occurs...
...that occurs during the inflammatory process? a....
...bility ANS: B The increased flow and...
...of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling...
...swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and...
...to occur during the inflammatory process? a....
...contraction ANS: A The increased blood flow...
...red cells at the site of inflammation...
...warmth and redness. The other options do...
...not accurately identify the process that results...
...7. Activation of the classical pathway begins...
...B Activation of the classical pathway begins...
...begins only with the activation of protein...
...is preceded by the formation of a...
...Fibrinolysis ANS: B The coagulation (clotting) system...
...system (1) prevents the spread of infection...
...foreign bodies at the site of inflammation...
...clot that stops the bleeding, and (4)...
...repair and healing. The other options do...
...Which component of the plasma protein system...
...(a component of the complement cascade) adheres...
...cascade) adheres to the surface of a...
...by cells of the inflammatory system, pri-...
...neutrophils and macrophages. The other options do...
...10. What is the vascular effect of...
...b. Initiation of the d. Increased endo-...
...granular contents) and the re- lease of...
...increased capillary permeability. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the vascular effect of...
...an outcome of the complement cascade? a....
...a. Activation of the clotting cascade b....
...b. Prevention of the spread of infection...
...membranes ANS: D The complement cascade can...
...(4) cell lysis. The other options do...
...an outcome of the complement cascade. PTS:...
...Page 199 12. The function of opsonization...
...opsonization related to the complement cascade is...
...C3b adheres to the surface of a...
...by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily...
...neutrophils and macrophages. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the function of opsonization...
...opsonization related to the complement cascade. PTS:...
...199 13. In the coagulation (clotting) cascade,...
...coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the...
...the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge...
...V ANS: C The coagulation cascade consists...
...cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic...
...complement, and activating the Hageman factor? a....
...it can activate the complement cascade through...
...Plasmin can activate the plasma kinin cascade...
...cascade by activating the Hageman factor (factor...
...Page 201 15. The chemotactic factor affects...
...chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by:...
...Causing vasodilation around the in- flamed area...
...contrac- tion in the inflamed area c....
...Directing leukocytes to the in-flamed area d....
...Producing edema around the in- flamed area...
...eosino- phils to the site of inflammation....
...site of inflammation. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the affect chemotactic factors...
...factors have on the inflammatory process. PTS:...
...What affect does the process of histamine...
...histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor...
...of histamine to the H1 receptor is...
...promotes inflammation. On the other hand, binding...
...binding histamine to the H2 receptor is...
...it results in the suppression of leukocyte...
...leukocyte func- tion. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the affect histamine binding...
...histamine binding to the H2 receptor has...
...are located on the same cells, they...
...often present on the same cells and...
...receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil...
...in its inhibition. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the relationship between H1...
...dia- betes mellitus. The other problems are...
...not related to the aging process. PTS:...
...Bradykinin ANS: C The biologic activity of...
...ANS: C The biologic activity of platelet-activating...
...and platelet activation. The oth- er options...
...not accurately identify the chemical mediator derived...
...mediator derived from the pro- cess described...
...cess described in the question. PTS: 1...
...20. What is the inflammatory effect of...
...adhesion and aggregation. The other op- tions...
...not accurately identify the effect of NO...
...of NO on the process of inflammation....
...21. What is the correct sequence in...
...ANS: C Once the phagocytic cell enters...
...phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the...
...the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence...
...of phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1)...
...or recognition, of the target and adherence...
...and adherence of the phagocyte to it;...
...endo- cytosis, and the formation of phagosome;...
...granules with- in the phagocyte (phagolysosome); and...
...(4) destruction of the target. PTS: 1...
...Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in...
...predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site,...
...12 hours after the initial injury, they...
...cellular debris at the inflammatory site. PTS:...
...208-209 23. In the later stages of...
...perform many of the same functions as...
...later stage of the inflammatory response. PTS:...
...from mast cells, the role of eosinophils...
...B, which stimulates the formation of B...
...Histaminase, which limits the ef-fects of histamine...

...a. Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of...
...one person to the tissue of another...
...immune response in the presence of antigens...
...dam- age to the host. The other...
...to the host. The other options are...
...peanuts, and fish. The other options are...
...Page 263 3. The common hay fever...
...antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue...
...(see Figure 9-1). The most common allergies...
...are therefore allergic. The other options do...
...not accurately identify the mediation factor related...
...antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue...
...isoimmunity) occurs when the immune system of...
...ANS: C Of the options provided, only...
...edema caused by the chemotac- tic factor...
...by binding of the cytotropic antibody c....
...IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast...
...factor binding to the receptor c. Epinephrine...
...H2 results in the degranulation of mast...
...hyper- sensitivity reaction. The other options do...
...their mast cells. The other options do...
...10. What is the mechanism that results...
...body fluids, and the immune complexes are...
...then deposited in the tissues. c. Cytotoxic...
...Antibodies bind to the antigens on the...
...the antigens on the cell surface. ANS:...
...surface. ANS: D The mechanism that results...
...to particular tissues. The cell can be...
...and activation of the complement cascade through...
...complement cascade through the classical pathway. PTS:...
...an ABO incompatibility, the erythrocytes are destroyed...
...c. Phagocytosis in the ment-mediated spleen cell...
...transfused blood cells. The other options are...
...cell antigens of the Rh system, the...
...the Rh system, the blood cells are...
...c. Phagocytosis in the spleen d. Neutrophil...
...cell antigens of the Rh system coat...
...by phagocytosis in the spleen, rather than...
...by complement-mediated lysis. The other options do...
...c. Phagocytosis in the spleen d. Neutrophil...
...ANS: D Of the options available, only...
...options available, only the components of neutrophil...
...neutrophil granules damage the tissue. PTS: 1...
...cells ANS: D The mechanism that results...
...cells). Antibody on the target cell is...
...Fc receptors on the NK cells, which...
...substances that destroy the tar- get cell....
...tar- get cell. The other options do...
...do not cause the destruction of target...
...lysis ANS: A The antibody reacts with...
...antibody reacts with the receptors on the...
...the receptors on the target cell surface...
...surface and modulates the function of the...
...the function of the receptor by preventing...
...normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inap-...
...inap- propriately stimulating the receptor or destroying...
...receptor or destroying the receptor. For example,...
...For example, in the hyperthyroid- ism (excessive...
...hormone that controls the production of the...
...the production of the - hormone thyroxine...
...hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). The other...
...by the thyroid). The other options are...
...of which of the following? a. Antibodies...
...degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed...
...body fluids and the immune complexes being...
...being deposited in the tissues c. Tc...
...Antibodies binding to the antigen on the...
...the antigen on the cell surface ANS:...
...are formed in the circulation and then...
...hypersensitivity dis- eases. The other options do...
...degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed...
...body fluids and the immune complexes being...
...being deposited in the tissues c. Lymphokine-producing...
...Antibodies binding to the antigen on the...
...the antigen on the cell surface ANS:...
...III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after...
...harmful effects after the immune complexes that...
...activation, particularly through the generation of chemotactic...
...neutro- phils, causes the harmful effects of...
...immune complex deposition. The neutrophils bind to...
...C3b contained in the complexes and attempt...
...attempt to ingest the immune complexes. Type...
...described are not the result of any...
...of any of the other options. PTS:...
...attack and destroy the capillaries so that...
...Antibodies that detect the capillaries as foreign...
...condition caused by the temperature-dependent deposition of...
...immune complexes in the capillary beds of...
...capillary beds of the peripheral circulation. None...
...circulation. None of the other options are...
...ANS: B Of the options available, only...
...291 21. When the maternal immune system...
...antigens expressed by the fetus, what reaction...
...against antigens on the tissues of other...
...other members of the same species. Sensitization...
...antigens is not the cause of any...
...damage caused by the deposition of circulating...
...an antibody against the host DNA is...
...host DNA is the cause of which...
...ANS: C Only the deposition of circulating...
...an antibody against the host DNA produce...
...cells directly attack the endothelial cells of...
...endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. b....
...depos- ited in the endothelial cells of...
...transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade ly-...
...recognize antigens on the cell surface of...
...d. Antibodies coat the surface of transplant-...
...tissue. ANS: A The recipient’s lymphocytes interacting...
...lymphocytes interacting with the donor’s dendritic cells...
...dendritic cells within the transplanted tissue usually...
...sensitization, resulting in the induction of recipient...
...Tc cells against the donor’s antigens. The...
...the donor’s antigens. The Th1 cells release...
...macro- phages, and the Tc cells directly...
...cells directly attack the endothelial cells in...
...endothelial cells in the transplanted tissue. The...
...the transplanted tissue. The other options do...
...blood cell carries the carbohydrate antigens for...
...Erythrocytes ANS: D The reaction that causes...
...re- lated to the ABO antigens located...
...antigens located on the surface of only...
...from any of the other three types....
...immunoglobulins of only the IgM class. PTS:...
...Which component of the immune system is...
...ANS: D Of the available options, deficiencies...
...deficiency ANS: B The principal immunologic defect...
...DiGeorge syndrome is the partial or complete...
...of T-cell immunity. The other options are...
...options are not the result of either...
...it take for the newborn to be...
...to 8 months, the newborn should be...
...290 30. Considering the effects of nutritional...
...nutritional deficiencies on the immune system, severe...
...to deficiencies in the formation of which...
...function and numbers. The other options are...
...immuno- globulins b. The infiltration of the...
...The infiltration of the thyroid with T...
...ANS: C In the hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid...
...hormone that controls the production of the...
...the production of the hormone thyroxine by...
...hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). The other...
...by the thyroid). The other options do...
...not accurately describe the cause of Graves...
...I ANS: B The characteristics of serum...
...their mast cells. The other available options...
...ANS: A Generally, the mutations are sporadic...
...25% of individuals. The sporadic mutations occur...
...before birth, but the onset of symptoms...
...later, depending on the particular syndrome. The...
...the particular syndrome. The immunodeficiency can be...
...considered to be the universal blood donor...
...contains which of the following? a. No...
...from any of the other three types....
...weakness b. Affecting the receptor for TSH,...
...Inducing anomalies in the fetus or causing...
...Destroying platelets in the fetus and neo-...
...maternal antibody against the receptor for TSH...
...de- fects) in the fetus or cause...
...stroys platelets in the fetus and neonate....
...test is positive, the hard center and...
...and erythema surrounding the induration are a...
...of which of the following? (Select all...
...ANS: B, E The reaction site is...
...to which of the following could result...
...delay or lessen the intensity of an...
...is associated with the body’s response to...
...rejection occurs when the recipient develops an...
...A biopsy of the rejected organ usually...
...delay or lessen the intensity of an...

...likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma...
...cause individuals with the same deoxyribonucleic acid...
...different disease profiles. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately identifies the genetic process likely...
...likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma...
...b. Inherited from the father c. Related...
...when inherited from the father. The other...
...from the father. The other options do...
...not accurately identify the reason for the...
...the reason for the chromosomal damage that...
...tumor-suppressor genes in the development of cancer....
...is true regarding the embryonic development of...
...all cells of the embryo have the...
...the embryo have the potential to become...
...of cell in the fetus or adult....
...to be pluripotent. The remaining options are...
...targets are over-expressed, the resulting effect on...
...with metastasis. of the described effect on...
...in any of the other options. PTS:...
...Page 186 6. The difference between DNA...
...can be reversed. The remaining options are...
...true statements regarding the difference between DNA...
...term refers to the silenced gene of...
...known as imprinting; the transcriptionally silenced genes...
...to be imprinted. The remaining options do...
...Page 187 8. The shape of the...
...The shape of the face of a...
...characterizes Russell-Silver syndrome. The other face shapes...
...Genes responsible for the maintenance of all...
...are necessary for the function and maintenance...
...of all cells. The remaining options do...
...10. What is the belief regarding twins...
...their methylation patterns. The twins, despite having...
...turn af- fect the expression of genes....
...important part of the aging process. They...
...11. Hypomethylation and the resulting effect on...
...a. Decrease in the activity of the...
...the activity of the oncogene, thus suppressing...
...which can increase the activity of oncogenes....
...to malignancy. Only the correct option accurately...
...is inherited from the mother, the child...
...from the mother, the child is at...
...This anomaly illustrates the inheritance pattern of...
...when inherited from the mother. The anomaly...
...from the mother. The anomaly is not...
...anomaly is not the cause of any...
...of any of the other options. PTS:...
...is supported by the presence of: (Select...
...at birth because the child exhibits a...
...tongue, creases on the earlobe, and om-...

...than 450/µL) in the total numbers of...
...(IM), what does the Monospot test detect?...
...not true of the other options. PTS:...
...neoplasm defined by the presence of greater...
...lympho- blasts in the bone marrow or...
...blast cells characterize the bone marrow and...
...peripheral blood. As the immature blasts increase,...
...synthesize immunoglobulins. d. The translocation of genetic...
...neoplasm defined by the presence of greater...
...30% lymphoblasts in the bone marrow or...
...blood. None of the other options provide...
...Defects exist in the ras oncogene, TP53...
...gene, and INK4A, the gene encoding a...
...blast cells characterize the bone marrow and...
...peripheral blood. As the immature blasts increase,...
...synthesize immunoglobulins. d. The translocation of genetic...
...BCR-ABL1. ANS: D The Philadelphia chromosome is...
...with CML, and the presence of the...
...the presence of the BCR-ABL1 protein is...
...is responsible for the initiation of CML....
...initiation of CML. The other options do...
...Defects exist in the ras oncogene, TP53...
...gene, and INK4A, the gene encoding a...
...blast cells characterize the bone marrow and...
...peripheral blood. As the immature blasts increase,...
...synthesize immunoglobulins. d. The translocation of genetic...
...encountered an- tigen. The other options do...
...of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) characterize...
...blood (hypercalcemia) characterize the common presentation of...
...presentation of MM. The other options do...
...of which of the following? a. Interleukin...
...ANS: C Although the molecular events that...
...from B-cell lineage. The other options are...
...of which of the following? a. Pressure...
...and obstruction of the lymph nodes are...
...lymph nodes are the result of lym-...
...of lym- phadenopathy. The other options do...
...not contribute to the lymphadenopathy associated with...
...in African children. The other options are...
...diffuse hemorrhage into the skin tissue? a....
...is visible through the skin causes a...
...purpura. None of the other options are...
...heparin in which the bone marrow is...
...platelets to meet the body’s needs c....
...which macrophages process the heparin and platelet...
...counts. None of the other options accurately...
...acute or chronic. The acute form is...
...in adults, with the highest prevalence in...
...factor synthesis by the _____. a. K;...
...is necessary for the synthesis and regulation...
...and S) in the liver. PTS: 1...
...14. What is the most common cause...
...failure ANS: B The most common cause...
...flora. None of the other options are...
...re- sulting in the formation of fibrin...
...small vessels throughout the body. This description...
...identify any of the other options. PTS:...
...(DIC), what activates the coagulation cascade? a....
...(TF) located in the endothe- lial layer...
...bacteria circulating in the bloodstream ANS: C...
...crushing injury) causes the endothelium to release...
...to release TF. The common pathway for...
...exposure of TF. The other options are...
...not responsible for the activation of the...
...the activation of the coagulation cascade. PTS:...
...are responsible for the development and maintenance...
...in particular, triggers the release of multiple...
...significant role in the development and maintenance...
...PAF—are responsible for the clinical signs and...
...symptoms associated with the sepsis associated with...
...DIC. None of the other options perform...
...(DIC), what are the indications of microvascular...
...include changes in the level of consciousness,...
...Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes...
...some instances, of the nose and breasts...
...may be present. The other options are...
...19. What is the most reliable and...
...not true of the other options. PTS:...
...ANS: C Of the available options, only...
...and capillaries in the microcirculation. PTS: 1...
...21. Which of the following is characterized...
...most often involving the central nervous system...
...33% of individuals The other options do...
...Mononuclear phagocytes in the spleen remove antibody-coated...
...C ITP involves the antigen usually forming...
...is thought that the immune complexes bind...
...destruc- tion in the spleen. None of...
...spleen. None of the other options are...
...1038-1039 23. When the demand for mature...
...mature neutrophils exceeds the supply, immature neutrophils...
...A shift to the right c. Leukocytosis...
...A shift to the left d. Leukemia...
...ANS: B When the demand for circulating...
...mature neutrophils exceeds the supply, the marrow...
...exceeds the supply, the marrow begins to...
...other leukocytes) into the blood. Premature release...
...Premature release of the im- mature white...
...is responsible for the phenomenon known as...
...a shift to the leftor leukemoid reaction....
...reaction. None of the remaining options would...
...used to identify the process described. PTS:...
...is characterized by the presence of which...
...of which of the following? a. Philadelphia...
...nodes to another, the development of systemic...
...systemic symptoms, and the presence of RS...
...29-8), but not the involvement of the...
...the involvement of the Philadelphia chromosome. Virchow...
...d. Edema in the area of the...
...the area of the eyes e. Fever...
...C, E At the time of diagnosis,...
...time of diagnosis, the individual usually has...
...individual usually has the classic triad of...
...and lymphadenopathy of the cervical lymph nodes....
...cervical lymph nodes. The triad does not...
...include which of the following symptoms? (Select...
...loss. Pain in the bones and joints...
...ondary stretching of the periosteum. The other...
...of the periosteum. The other options are...
...27. What are the most significant risk...
...risk factors for the development of thrombus...
...referred to by the Virchow triad? (Select...
...Rapid coagulation of the blood d. Stagnant...
...B, C, D The risk for developing...
...referred to as the Vir- chow triad:...
...(1) injury to the blood vessel endothelium,...
...(3) hypercoagulability of the blood. Obesity is...
...not associated with the triad. PTS: 1...
...C, E In the leukemias, a single...
...undergoes malignant transformation. The common fea- ture...
...Page 1015 29. The two major forms...
...ANS: A, B The current classification of...
...based on (1) the predominant cell of...
...lymphoid) and (2) the rate of progression,...
...which usually reflects the degree at which...
...was arrested when the cell became malignant...
...(see Figure 29-2). The remaining options are...
...inaccurate statements regarding the classification criteria. ....

...What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion...
...hormone ANS: A The overall effect of...
...serum phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances...
...affect PTH in the de- scribed fashion....
...2. Regulation of the release of catecholamines...
...of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is...
...Physiologic ANS: C The release of hormones...
...an alteration in the cellular environment or...
...environment or in the process of maintaining...
...to turn off the system. ANS: D...
...within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback...
...production, which is the result of the...
...the result of the failure to turn...
...to turn off the system, can cause...
...and related conditions. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only accu- rate...
...(unbound) forms. All the remaining options are...
...5. Which of the following is a...
...protein in circulation. The other options are...
...are transported in the bloodstream and are:...
...free (unbound) forms. The other options are...
...statements related to the transport of protein...
...glucose uptake by the muscle cells is...
...muscle cells is the result. This is...
...Direct effects are the obvious changes in...
...specifically result from the stimula- tion by...
...a particular hormone. The other options are...
...used to identify the described effect. PTS:...
...and control of the cellular environment. Negative...
...feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural,...
...stimulus ne- gates the initiating change that...
...change that triggered the release of the...
...the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hor-...
...mone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH...
...TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secre-...
...of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion...
...negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus...
...and TSH synthesis. The described example is...
...by any of the other op- tions....
...located: a. Inside the plasma membrane in...
...plasma membrane in the cyto- plasm b....
...plasm b. On the outer surface of...
...outer surface of the plasma mem- brane...
...brane c. Inside the mitochondria d. On...
...mitochondria d. On the inner surface of...
...inner surface of the plasma mem- brane...
...are located inside the plasma membrane and...
...easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to...
...or nuclear receptors. The other options are...
...Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between...
...initial link between the first signal (hormone)...
...signal (hormone) and the inside of the...
...the inside of the cell (see Table...
...21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine...
...stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase....
...Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine...
...triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3',...
...3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are...
...Which hormone does the second messenger calcium...
...messenger that facilitates the binding of a...
...surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C...
...G protein inside the plasma membrane. None...
...membrane. None of the other options acts...
...Page 694 12. The control of calcium...
...Is controlled by the calcium nega- tive-feedback...
...lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. ANS: C...
...important second messenger. The other options are...
...statements related to the control of calcium...
...of calcium within the cells. PTS: 1...
...Page 694 13. The portion of the...
...The portion of the pituitary that secretes...
...ANS: A Only the posterior pituitary secretes...
...a result of the other options. PTS:...
...15. What is the target tissue for...
...Prolactin-releasing factor targets the anterior pituitary gland...
...gland to stimulate the secretion of prolac-...
...of prolac- tin. The other remaining options...
...Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts...
...ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 (V2)...
...(V2) receptors of the re- nal duct...
...information helps eliminate the other options. PTS:...
...and secreted by the posterior pituitary. The...
...the posterior pituitary. The other options do...
...Page 713 18. The releasing hormones that...
...are made in the hypothalamus travel to...
...hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via...
...anterior pituitary via the: a. Vessels of...
...a. Vessels of the zona c. Hypophyseal...
...are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are...
...are secreted into the portal blood vessels...
...they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones....
...anterior pituitary hormones. The releasing hormones do...
...do not enter the anterior pituitary gland...
...via any of the other options. PTS:...
...(TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid...
...and stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates...
...intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine...
...iodine necessary for the synthesis of TH....
...TH. This supports the elimination of the...
...the elimination of the other options. PTS:...
...is responsible for the contraction of the...
...the contraction of the uterus and milk...
...motility in men. The remaining options are...
...leads to hypocalcemia; the other options are...
...which electrolyte in the cell? a. Potassium...
...A Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of...
...does not facilitate the transport of the...
...the transport of the other electrolytes. PTS:...
...adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. The other options are...
...24. What is the action of calcitonin?...
...bone-resorbing osteoclasts, making the other options incorrect....
...is involved in the regulation of serum...
...(T3) ANS: A The parathyroid glands produce...
...serum calcium; therefore the other options are...
...Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth...
...Two hormones from the hypothalamus control GH...
...which inhibits it. The other op- tions...
...would not produce the necessary effect. PTS:...
...are located in the: a. Tubules of...
...receptor only in the distal and proximal...
...tu- bules of the kidney’s nephron. PTS:...
...is secreted by the adrenal medulla? a....
...ANS: B Of the available options, the...
...the available options, the catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline)...
...epinephrine (adrenaline) is the only major product...
...Page 710 29. The secretion of adrenocorticotropic-stimulating...
...will result in the increased level of...
...Only cortisol describes the appro- priate feedback...
...ANS: B Because the endocrine system is...
...for unhealthy aging. The other systems, although...
...although contributing to the unhealthy aging, are...
...31. What are the effects of aging...
...A With aging, the pancreatic cells are...
...tissue. Dysfunction of the pan- creas with...
...insulin secretion of the beta cells, insulin...
...Aldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of: a....
...ANS: C In the kidney, aldosterone primarily...
...primarily acts on the epithelial cells of...
...epithelial cells of the nephron-collecting duct to...
...be said of the other options. PTS:...
...not bring about the other changes. PTS:...
...A, D, E The term glucocorticoid refers...
...glucone- ogenesis in the liver and by...
...706-707 MATCHING Match the anatomic structure with...
...Page 702 MSC: The thyroid gland secretes...
...Page 706 MSC: The adrenal cortex secretes...
...steroid hormones, including the glucocorticoids (mainly corti-...
...(mainly corti- sol), the mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone),...
...(mainly aldosterone), and the adrenal androgens and...
...Page 698 MSC: The posterior pituitary secretes...
...Pages 699-700 MSC: The anterior pituitary releases...
...Page 710 MSC: The major products secreted...
...products secreted by the adrenal medulla are...
...adrenal medulla are the catecholamines epinephrine (adrena-...

...MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The data reporting that...
...Prevalence rate is the proportion of the...
...the proportion of the population affected by...
...common measure of the effect of a...
...risk factor is the relative risk. Assuming...
...a factor is the cause of a...
...attributable risk is the amount of risk...
...a contingency risk. The probability of the...
...The probability of the outcome is termed...
...have been derived. The other options are...
...options are not the basis for determining...
...are not the basis for determining the...
...basis for determining the empirical risk of...
...of cholesterol by the liver c. Reduction...
...c. Reduction in the number of low-density...
...tors circulating in the blood ANS: C...
...A reduction in the number of functional...
...causes FH. Lacking the normal number of...
...(see Box 5-3). The other options are...
...options are not the basis for developing...
...are not the basis for developing familial...
...Obesity ANS: D The most important environmental...
...by genes and the environment. PTS: 1...
...cancer cases in the United States. PTS:...
...have shown that the offspring of an...
...have shown that the offspring of an...
...risk of developing the disorder. PTS: 1...
...a role in the prevention of obesity...
...fat d. Altering the sense of satiety...
...its re- ceptor, the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)....
...no research supports the other options as...
...Page 178 10. The BRCA1 and BRCA2...
...BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which...
...BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of ovarian...
...heart rate b. The release of an...
...water reabsorption c. The renin-angiotensin system’s effect...
...variation, such as the renin-angiotensin system (involved...
...and vasocon- striction). The other options are...
...Page 172 12. The two most important...
...history ANS: C The two most important...
...history and obesity. The other options are...
...1 diabetes and the presence of several...
...an autoimmune disease. The remaining options are...
...by: a. Reducing the amount of insulin...
...amount of insulin the pan- creas produces...
...produces b. Increasing the resistance to insulin...
...cells c. Obstructing the outflow of insulin...
...of insulin from the pancreas d. Stimulating...
...pancreas d. Stimulating the liver to increase...
...difficulty using insulin). The other options are...
...not associated with the effect of obesity...
...Traits caused by the combined effects of...
...be caused by the combined effects of...
...ifiable refers to the changeability of something....
...being out of the control of someone...
...type 2 diabetes. The other terms do...
...is identified on the basis of empirical...
...identified on the basis of empirical risk...
...be caused by the combined effects of...
...their influence on the body. PTS: 1...
...Page 167 18. The number of persons...
...Incidence ANS: C The prevalence rate is...
...prevalence rate is the proportion of the...
...the proportion of the population affected by...
...time. Thus both the incidence rate and...
...incidence rate and the length of the...
...the length of the survival period in...
...individuals determine prevalence. The description in the...
...The description in the question does not...
...to any of the other options. PTS:...
...strongly in families. The other cancers are...
...thought to decrease the risk of colon...
...currently believed that the risk for developing...
...relative. ANS: D The risk of developing...
...affected first-degree relative. The other statements are...
...Page 178 22. The number of new...
...period divided by the number of individuals...
...of individuals in the population is defined...
...Frequency ANS: B The incidence rate is...
...incidence rate is the number of new...
...year) divided by the number of individuals...
...of individuals in the population. The description...
...in the population. The description pro- vided...
...pro- vided in the question does not...
...describe any of the other options. PTS:...
...developing breast cancer. The other options do...
...Many factors influence the risk of acquiring...
...family history of the dis- ease. Current...
...spiritual beliefs and the develop- ment of...
...171-180 MATCHING Match the terms with the...
...the terms with the corresponding descriptions. ______...
...Traits caused by the combined effects of...
...persons living with the disease 30. Yields...
...(persons) detected with the disease 33. Measure...
...33. Measure of the effect of a...
...be caused by the combined effects of...
...Page 164 MSC: The prevalence rate is...
...prevalence rate is the proportion of the...
...the proportion of the population affected by...
...time. Thus both the incidence rate and...
...incidence rate and the length of the...
...the length of the survival period in...
...factor to increase the risk of disease...
...Page 164 MSC: The incidence rate is...
...incidence rate is the number of new...
...year), divided by the number of individuals...
...of individuals in the populat ion. 33....
...common measure of the effect of a...
...risk factor is the relative risk. 34....

...a. Travel along the single DNA strand,...
...DNA strand, adding the correct nucleotide to...
...correct nucleotide to the new strand b....
...b. Move along the double strand of...
...DNA to unwind the nucleotides of the...
...the nucleotides of the double helix c....
...helix c. Hold the double strand apart...
...strand apart while the correct nucleotides are...
...are added to the strand d. Transport...
...strand d. Transport the double strand of...
...of DNA from the nucleus to the...
...the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein...
...formation ANS: A The DNA polymerase enzyme...
...enzyme travels along the single DNA strand,...
...DNA strand, adding the correct nucleo- tides...
...nucleo- tides to the free end of...
...free end of the new strand (see...
...Figure 4-2, B). The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the process involved in...
...polymerase binds to the promoter site on...
...b. RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides...
...muta- tion of the amino acid sequence....
...C Transcription is the process by which...
...a DNA template. The correct op- tion...
...op- tion is the only one that...
...that accurately defines the term transcription. PTS:...
...Page 141 4. The purpose of a...
...to: a. Permit the mitotic process to...
...b. Allow for the numbering of chromo-...
...chromo- somes and the identification of varia-...
...cytokinesis. d. Distinguish the sex chromosomes from...
...sex chromosomes from the homologous chromosomes. ANS:...
...B One of the most commonly used...
...be readily identified. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...accurately de- scribes the purpose of the...
...the purpose of the Giemsa staining technique....
...alpha fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid, and...
...of single genes. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately identifies the protein responsible for...
...years of age. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...Box 4-1 7. The most clinically useful...
...tissue directly from the chorion. This procedure...
...directly available in the extracted tissue. Thus...
...extracted tissue. Thus the procedure allows prenatal...
...5 months’ gestation. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the most useful technique...
...Box 4-1 8. The term for an...
...Aneuploidy is usually the result of nondisjunction,...
...meiosis or mitosis. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome? a....
...carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse...
...cyanosis, edema of the feet, short stature,...
...25 to 70. The facial appearance is...
...flat, low-set ears. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the clinical manifestations of...
...clinical manifestations of the complete trisomy of...
...complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome. PTS:...
...10. What is the most common cause...
...C Nondisjunction during the formation of one...
...of one of the parent’s gametes or...
...95% of infants, the nondisjunction occurs in...
...nondisjunction occurs in the formation of the...
...the formation of the mother’s egg cell....
...mother’s egg cell. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the most common cause...
...is missing, and the person’s total chromosome...
...imperfectly developed ovaries. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the clinical manifestations described...
...manifestations described in the question. PTS: 1...
...XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting...
...Fragile X on the DE- CLINEEEE ANS:...
...A disorder in the chromosome (47, XXY...
...as Klinefelter syndrome. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that ex- hibits the described genetic configuration....
...13. What is the chromosomal variation that...
...a. Nondisjunction of the X chromosome in...
...X chromosome in the father b. Translocation...
...b. Translocation of the X chromosome in...
...X chromosome in the mother c. Nondisjunction...
...X chromosome in the mother d. Translocation...
...d. Translocation of the Y chromosome in...
...Y chromosome in the father ANS: C...
...C Nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in...
...X chromosomes in the mother causes Klinefelter...
...Klinefelter syndrome in the majority of infants,...
...of infants, and the frequency of the...
...the frequency of the disorder rises with...
...with maternal age. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately describes the chromosomal variation characteristic...
...drome ANS: B The fragile X syndrome...
...X syndrome is the second most common...
...(after Down syndrome). The correct option is...
...be recognized as the second most common...
...15. What is the blood type of...
...ANS: D When the heterozygote is distinguishable...
...from both homozygotes, the locus is said...
...An example is the ABO blood group,...
...which heterozygotes having the A and B...
...blood group AB). The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...disease. What is the probability that the...
...the probability that the next child will...
...child will have the same genetic disease?...
...heterozygous individuals transmit the trait to approximately...
...or none of the children of an...
...parent may have the trait. Nevertheless, when...
...type are studied, the proportion of affected...
...varying degrees of the condition because of...
...condition because of the genetic principle of:...
...B Expressivity is the extent of variation...
...is variable, then the penetrance may be...
...be complete but the severity of the...
...the severity of the disease can vary...
...type 1 neurofibromatosis. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...accurately de- scribes the presence of varying...
...a mutation of the tumor-suppressor gene? a....
...A ANS: B The gene responsible for...
...been mapped to the long arm of...
...a tumor-suppressor gene; the normal function of...
...is to regulate the cell cycle so...
...not grow uncontrollably. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...a mutation of the tumor-suppressor gene. PTS:...
...sive ANS: D The most common lethal...
...in 2500 births. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately identifies the gene type responsible...
...than males. c. The disease is observed...
...observed in both the par- ents, as...
...well as in the siblings. d. On...
...one half of the offspring of the...
...the offspring of the carrier will be...
...a common ancestor. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...Consanguinity refers to the mating of persons:...
...Consanguinity refers to the mating of two...
...related individuals, and the offspring of such...
...to be inbred. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...this chromo- some. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...that accurately identifies the term for males...
...recessive diseases, with the difference becoming more...
...more pronounced as the disease becomes rarer....
...disease becomes rarer. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...are hemizygous for the X chro- mosome....
...chro- mosome. b. The disease can be...
...one copy of the gene in females....
...disease pedigrees because the gene can be...
...for genes on the X chromo- some....
...one copy of the gene to express...
...gene to express the disease. PTS: 1...
...Page 157 26. The presence of a...
...one chromosome with the normal complement of...
...means “cry of the cat,” describes the...
...the cat,” describes the characteristic cry of...
...characteristic cry of the affected child. The...
...the affected child. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one with...
...only one with the characteristic cry. PTS:...
...in which of the cell’s structures? a....
...replicated only in the cell nucleus. PTS:...
...30. What is the risk for the...
...the risk for the recurrence of autosomal...
...70% ANS: C The recurrence risk for...
...her genetic makeup. The correct option is...
...correct option is the only one that...
...muscular dystrophy are the only options that...
...Page 158 33. The key to accurate...
...ANS: A, C The consistent pairing of...
...base pairing, is the key to accurate...
...accurate DNA replication. The correct options are...
...correct options are the only ones that...
...Chromosomal abnormalities are the leading known cause...
...Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause...
...retardation and miscarriage. The correct options are...
...correct options are the only ones that...
...before or during the pregnancy but not...
...CVS, and PGD. The correct options are...
...correct options are the only ones that...
...exclusively used during the prenatal period. PTS:...
...Box 4-1 36. The advantage derived from...
...a. Identification of the mutated gene b....
...b. Reversal of the mutation c. Diagnosis...
...c. Diagnosis of the existing disorder d....
...e. Prevention of the disorder ANS: A,...
...A, C, D The complete human genome...
...and disease treatment. The reversal of a...
...is not possible. The mapping has no...
...160 MATCHING Match the genetic terms with...
...genetic terms with the corresponding diseases. Terms...

... Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids...
...water repelling. b. The metabolic rate of...
...is slower than the rate of lean...
...c. higher than the rate of output...
...lean adults. d. The thirst receptors of...
...thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not...
...alkalosis ANS: C The values provided in...
...Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF)...
...(ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF)...
...pressure ANS: A The movement of water...
...of water between the ICF and ECF...
...is involved in the movement of water...
...of water between the plasma and interstitial...
...Water moves between the plasma and interstitial...
...interstitial fluid through the forces of only...
...which occur across the capillary membrane. Buffers...
...in relationship to the Starling hypothesis. Oncotic...
...water to cross the barrier of capillaries...
...capillaries to enter the circulatory system. PTS:...
...obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of...
...of fluid in the capillaries enough to...
...to escape into the interstitial spaces. The...
...the interstitial spaces. The remaining options are...
...106 7. At the arterial end of...
...fluid moves from the intravascular space into...
...intravascular space into the interstitial space because...
...interstitial space because the: a. Interstitial hydrostatic...
...is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure....
...is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure....
...is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure....
...is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure....
...ANS: B At the arterial end of...
...fluid moves from the intravascular space into...
...intravascular space into the interstitial be- cause...
...is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure....
...plasma albumin is the only option that...
...hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst...
...of ADH and the perception of thirst...
...primary factors in the regulation of water...
...osmotic pressure increases. The other options do...
...how ADH and the perception of thirst...
...(neurons located in the hypothalamus that are...
...increased osmotic pressure). The other options do...
...(ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain...
...(BNP) produced by the myocardial ventricles, and...
...and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic peptides...
...is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of...
...juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating...
...enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of...
...juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released...
...decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature. The...
...the renal vasculature. The other options are...
...not released by the situation described in...
...situation described in the question. PTS: 1...
...syndrome (caused by the excess secretion of...
...secretion of aldosterone). The other op- tions...
...15. What causes the clinical manifestations of...
...High sodium in the blood vessels pulls...
...water out of the brain cells into...
...brain cells into the blood vessels, causing...
...High sodium in the brain cells pulls...
...water out of the blood vessels into...
...blood vessels into the brain cells, causing...
...High sodium in the blood vessels pulls...
...potassium out of the brain cells, which...
...cells, which slows the synapses in the...
...the synapses in the brain. d. High...
...High sodium in the blood vessels draws...
...draws chloride into the brain cells followed...
...by water, causing the brain cells to...
...cells results in the symptoms described in...
...symptoms described in the question. The other...
...in the question. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the cause of these...
...alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride,...
...to bind with the chloride b. Hydrogen...
...to move into the cell and ex-...
...bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance d....
...to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis ANS:...
...When vomiting with the depletion of ECF...
...is not effective; the volume depletion and...
...paradoxic response by the kidneys. The kidneys...
...by the kidneys. The kidneys increase sodium...
...bonate reabsorption with the excretion of hydrogen....
...anionic balance because the ECF chloride concentration...
...concentration is decreased. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the mechanism that results...
...Page 128 17. The pathophysiologic process of...
...obstruction ANS: D The pathophysiologic process of...
...an increase in the forces favoring fluid...
...fil- tration from the capillaries or lymphatic...
...lymphatic channels into the tissues. The most...
...into the tissues. The most common mecha-...
...be removed from the cell in exchange...
...remove it through the kidneys. c. Transports...
...Transports potassium from the blood to the...
...the blood to the cell along with...
...d. Breaks down the chemical components of...
...Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma...
...levels by stimulating the Na, potas- +...
...pump, thereby promoting the movement of potas-...
...sium simultaneously into the liver and muscle...
...transport after eating. The in- tracellular movement...
...to food intake. The other options do...
...major determinant of the resting membrane potential...
...potential necessary for the transmission of nerve...
...nerve impulses is the ratio between: a....
...B + + The ratio of K...
...to K in the ECF is the...
...the ECF is the major determinant of...
...major determinant of the resting membrane po-...
...is necessary for the transmission and conduction...
...nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal...
...rhythms, and for the skeletal and smooth...
...not true of the other options. PTS:...
...20. During acidosis, the body compensates for...
...body compensates for the increase in serum...
...hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange...
...ions shift into the cells in exchange...
...not true of the other op- tions....
...metabolic acidosis exists. The other options are...
...change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane...
...intracellular potassium, then the resting membrane potential...
...–80 mV) and the cell membrane is...
...is hypopolarized (i.e., the inside of the...
...the inside of the cell becomes less...
...Pages 117-118 23. The calcium and phosphate...
...Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the...
...the cause of the metabolic acidosis. d....
...for metabolic acidosis. The other options are...
...of hypocalcemia are the Chvostek sign and...
...of any of the other options. PTS:...
...Hypokalemia ANS: B The most common causes...
...vitamin D deficiency, the use of magnesium...
...and malabsorption syndromes. The excessive use of...
...not result in the other options. PTS:...
...Page 121 27. The most common cause...
...c. Trauma to the hy- pothalamus b....
...a result of the other options. PTS:...
...10:5 ANS: A The relationship between HCO3...
...a ratio. When the pH is 7.4,...
...is 20:1 (HCO3:H2CO3). The other options do...
...physiologic pH by the correct ratio of...
...pH will initiate the formation of ammonium...
...as academia, in the tubular lumen of...
...tubular lumen of the kidney? a. 7.25...
...Pathophysiologic changes in the concentration of hydrogen...
...or base in the blood lead to...
...state in which the pH of arterial...
...from glutamine in the epithelial cell and...
...and diffuses to the tubular lumen, where...
...Two thirds of the body’s water is...
...Two thirds of the body’s water is...
...water is in the intracellular fluid (ICF)...
...third is in the extracellular fluid (ECF)...
...fluid (ECF) compartment. The two main ECF...
...ECF compartments are the interstitial fluid and...
...interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid, which...
...fluid, which is the blood plasma. Other...
...ECF compartments include the lymph and the...
...the lymph and the transcellular fluids, such...
...fluids, such as the synovial, intestinal, biliary,...
...a. + + The Na, K –ATPase...
...muscle cells. c. The liver increases its...
...Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma...
...levels by stimulating the Na, + K...
...pump, thereby promoting the movement of potassium...
...potassium simultaneously into the liver and muscle...
...transport after eating. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the effect of insulin...
...c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system...
...and water retention. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the cause of edema...
...Page 106 33. The existence of hyperkalemia...
...widened QRS complex. The other options are...
...body water, and the hydrophobic nature of...
...con- tribute to the increased risk for...
...concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes...
...of hypocalcemia because the citrate solution used...
...soft-tissue spaces; consequently, the free fatty acids...
...in ionized calcium. The other options are...
...Page 120 37. The electrolyte imbalance called...
...Page 113 38. The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia...
...be observed on the ECG, with bradycardia...
...Pages 120-121 39. The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia...
...and paralytic ileus. The other options are...
...A third of the body’s fluid is...
...is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid...
...Two thirds of the body’s water is...
...water is in the intracelluarl fluid (ICF)...
...third is in the extracellular fluid (ECF)...
...fluid (ECF) compartments. The two main ECF...
...ECF compartments are the interstitial fluid and...
...interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid, such...
...fluid, such as the blood plasma. Interstitial...
...ECF compartments include the lymph and the...
...the lymph and the transcellular fluids, such...
...fluids, such as the synovial, intestinal, biliary,...
...with changes in the ECG. A wide...
...weight. At adolescence, the percentage of TBW...
...With increasing age, the percentage of TBW...
...declines further still. The decrease is caused,...
...104-105 MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the...
...the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms...
...Regulates osmolality in the extra cellular fluid...
...MSC: Sodium is the most abundant ECF...
...is responsible for the osmotic balance of...
...osmotic balance of the ECF space. Potassium...
...space. Potassium maintains the osmotic balance of...
...osmotic balance of the ICF space ....
...Page 114 MSC: The ratio of K+...
...of K+ in the ICF to K+...
...to K+ in the ECF is the...
...the ECF is the major determinant of...
...major determinant of the resting membrane po-...
...is necessary for the transmission and conduction...
...nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal...
...anion buffer in the regulation of acid-base...
...muscle contraction in the form of ATP....
...ions shift into the cells in exchange...

...epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have...
...Shrink because of the influx of calcium...
...Shrink because of the influx of potas-...
...Swell because of the influx of sodium...
...Swell because of the influx of nitric...
...ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium...
...organs, such as the uterus and breast....
...uterus and breast. The remaining options do...
...not adequately describe the consequence of hormones...
...major role in the initiation and progression...
...major roles in the initiation and pro-...
...current research connects the dis- orders mentioned...
...orders mentioned in the other options to...
...other options to the effects of free...
...by: a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to...
...oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing...
...hypoxia b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal...
...zymes that digest the cell membranes c....
...stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which...
...inju- ry to the chemical bonds of...
...chemical bonds of the cell mem- brane...
...unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus...
...thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up...
...nucle- ic acids. The remaining options do...
...not accurately describe the role played by...
...membrane damage to the mitochondria? a. Enzymatic...
...shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys...
...mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure. ANS: B...
...infrastructure. ANS: B The most serious consequence...
...hypoxic injury, to the mi- tochondria. An...
...calcium ions from the extracellular compartment activates...
...ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the...
...the mitochondria causes the mitochondria to swell,...
...irreversible cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can...
...cal- cium ions. The remaining options do...
...not accurately describe the consequence of plasma...
...brane damage to the mitochondria. PTS: 1...
...Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus...
...potassium ions into the mito- chondria occurs,...
...chondria occurs, halting the ATP produc- tion....
...c. Edema of the Golgi body occurs,...
...occurs, pre- venting the transport of proteins...
...proteins out of the cell. d. Shift...
...calcium out of the plasma mem- brane...
...brane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. ANS: A...
...cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus,...
...nucleolus, ensues, halting the synthesis of DNA...
...ribonucleic acid (RNA). The remaining options do...
...accurately de- scribe the consequence of lysosomal...
...causes damage within the cell by interfering...
...by interfering with the action of: a....
...affects many different biologic activities at the...
...biologic activities at the cellular and molecular...
...to interfere with the functions of calcium....
...by interfering with the action of the...
...the action of the other options. PTS:...
...a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?...
...by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm...
...pathologic tissue changes. The remaining options do...
...ac- curately describe the characteristics of apoptosis....
...Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:...
...a. Interfering with the function of neuro-...
...transmitters b. Inhibiting the production of myelin...
...nerves c. Increasing the resting membrane potential...
...potential d. Altering the transport of potassium...
...of potassium into the nerves ANS: A...
...crucial role in the interference with neurotransmitters,...
...hyperactive behavior and the proliferation of capillaries...
...of capillaries of the white matter and...
...inter- cerebral arteries. The remaining options do...
...not accurately describe the effects of lead...
...lead poisoning of the nervous system. PTS:...
...oxygen c. Destroying the chemical bonds of...
...quickly binds with the hemoglobin, preventing oxygen...
...from doing so. The remaining options do...
...not accurately describe the means by which...
...alcoholism mainly affects the central nervous system...
...an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs...
...pressure occurs within the cell because: a....
...Plasma proteins enter the cell. b. The...
...the cell. b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven...
...Sodium chloride enters the cell. d. An...
...glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes....
...and ions into the cell is associated...
...ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports...
...ions out of the cell is maintained...
...is maintained by the presence of ATP...
...ATP and ATPase, the active-transport enzyme. In...
...to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium...
...potassium diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular...
...more water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms...
...in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do...
...not accurately describe the cell injury that...
...is true regarding the difference between subdural...
...hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an...
...oc- curs under the dura. c. A...
...hematoma is often the result of shaken...
...from bleeding within the skull, such as...
...from trauma outside the skull, such as...
...of blood between the inner surface of...
...inner surface of the dura mater and...
...dura mater and the surface of the...
...the surface of the brain, resulting from...
...brain, resulting from the shearing of small...
...veins that bridge the subdural space. Subdural...
...hematomas can be the result of blows,...
...sudden acceleration-deceleration of the head, which occurs...
...which occurs in the shaken baby syndrome....
...of blood between the inner surface of...
...inner surface of the skull and the...
...the skull and the dura and is...
...a skull fracture. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the differences between the...
...the differences between the two hemato- mas....
...occurs because of the loss of salt...
...results in hemoconcentration. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the physiologic changes that...
...injury, sodium enters the cell and causes...
...swelling because: a. The cell membrane permeability...
...insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps...
...sodium out of the cell. c. The...
...the cell. c. The lactic acid produced...
...acid produced by the hypoxia binds with...
...with sodium in the cell. d. Sodium...
...be transported to the cell membrane during...
...and ions into the cell is associated...
...ATP production. Normally, the presence of ATP...
...ATP and ATPase, the ac- tive-transport enzyme,...
...tive-transport enzyme, maintains the pump that transports...
...ions out of the cell. In meta-...
...to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium...
...potassium diffuses outward. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the cause of the...
...the cause of the swelling caused by...
...17. What is the most common site...
...and kidney cells, the most common site...
...mechanisms occur in the liver cells as...
...lipids that obstruct the common bile duct,...
...of bile from the liver to the...
...the liver to the gallbladder b. Increased...
...cellular injury sets the following mechanisms in...
...acids (increases in the enzyme, ?-glycerophosphatase, which...
...apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins). The other options do...
...a result of the excessive storage of:...
...is transferred from the cells to the...
...the cells to the bloodstream b. Hemoglobin,...
...is transferred from the bloodstream to the...
...the bloodstream to the cells c. Albumin,...
...is transferred from the cells to the...
...the cells to the bloodstream d. Amino...
...are transferred from the cells to the...
...the cells to the bloodstream ANS: A...
...is transferred to the cells from the...
...the cells from the bloodstream, causes hemo-...
...that results in the excess of what...
...as hemosiderin in the cells of many...
...21. What is the cause of free...
...free calcium in the cytosol that damages...
...endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium...
...normally binds, degrades the proteins. c. An...
...cal- cium from the cell. ANS: D...
...calcium increases in the cytosol. The other...
...in the cytosol. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the cause of free...
...noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type,...
...type, which is the result of prolonged...
...noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time...
...and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are...
...but rather to the amplitude of the...
...the amplitude of the sound. PTS: 1...
...glial cells in the brain. The other...
...in the brain. The other types of...
...ischemic injuries in the brain. PTS: 1...
...and liquefactive necrosis. The oth- er types...
...when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive...
...Current research supports the believe that, after...
...heart muscle injury, the damage: a. Remains...
...cells. ANS: B The recent discovery that...
...cells exist in the heart and differentiate...
...has profoundly changed the understanding of myocardial...
...cells that have the ability to mature...
...cardiomyocytes may populate the heart after injury....
...heart after injury. The other options do...
...accu- rately describe the process that is...
...27. After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells...
...cells divide under the influence of estrogen....
...organs, such as the uterus and breast....
...example, estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow...
...re- ception of the fertilized ovum. The...
...the fertilized ovum. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the process identified in...
...process identified in the question. PTS: 1...
...Pages 51-53 28. The abnormal proliferation of...
...Pathologic hyperplasia is the abnormal proliferation of...
...hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth...
...(see Figure 2-4). The other options do...
...not accurately identify the term for the...
...the term for the results of excessive...
...of part of the liver leads to...
...liver leads to the remaining liver cells...
...regenerate. For example, the removal of part...
...of part of the liver leads to...
...to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells...
...to compensate for the loss. The other...
...for the loss. The other options do...
...not accurately identify the com- pensatory process...
...process described in the question. PTS: 1...
...30. What is the single most common...
...sufficient oxygen, is the single most common...
...(see Figure 2-8). The other options are...
...observed as is the correct option. PTS:...
...water move into the cell because: a....
...moves out of the cell, and po-...
...inversely related. b. The pump that transports...
...sodium out of the cell cannot function...
...ATP levels. c. The osmotic pressure is...
...additional sodium across the cell membrane. d....
...it outside of the cell. ANS: B...
...ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium...
...potassium out of the cell. (The Na...
...of the cell. (The Na –K pump...
...too rapidly reduced, the gases dissolved in...
...bubble out of the solution, forming emboli....
...hypoxia, particularly in the muscles, joints, and...
...in oxygen supply. The remaining options are...
...not involved in the formation of decompression...
...Death ANS: C The effects of ionizing...
...days, or months. The delayed effects of...
...evident for years. The other options are...
...after part of the liver is excised....
...of paralysis. c. The heart muscle enlarges...
...of hypertension. d. The size of the...
...The size of the uterus increases during...
...regenerate. For example, the removal of part...
...of part of the liver leads to...
...to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells...
...to compensate for the loss. The other...
...for the loss. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the term compensatory hyperplasia....
...take place if the cells are capable...
...Abnormal increase in the number of a...
...adaptive process at the cellular level c....
...c. Modification in the shape of a...
...of oxygen at the cellular level ANS:...
...abnormal changes in the size, shape, and...
...injury: a. Affects the permeability of the...
...the permeability of the plasma membrane. b....
...b. Is often the result of the...
...the result of the damage caused by...
...d. Seldom involves the cell’s organelles. ANS:...
...B Not all the mechanisms causing chemical-induced...
...are known; however, the only two general...
...molecular component of the cell membrane or...
...ANS: A, D The only organ systems...
...by lead include the nerv- ous system,...
...and ocular disturbances. The other options do...
...not accurately describe the effects of FAS....
...are affected by the type of necrosis...
...occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and...
...injury, especial- ly the ingestion of mercuric...
...of mercuric chloride. The other options do...
...are present in the retina c. A...
...A factor in the prevention of certain...
...influential in managing the effects of short-term...
...cells found in the skin ANS: B,...
...cells (keratinocytes) of the skin and retina...
...because it protects the skin against long...
...essential factor in the prevention of skin...
...a. Bruise to the upper arm, resulting...
...c. Cut on the finger while slicing...
...gunshot wound to the foot while target...
...force injuries are the result of tearing,...
...Gunshot wounds require the penetration of the...
...the penetration of the skin and muscle...
...are true regarding the effects of marijuana...
...apply.) a. Smoking the drug results in...
...approximately 50% of the potent agents are...
...are absorbed through the lungs; when marijuana...
...heavy marijuana use, the following adverse effects...
...in relation to the fre- quency of...
...thought to be the result of depressed...

...statement best describes the cellular function of...
...Lysosome ANS: C The nucleus contains the...
...The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small...
...RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and...
...cellular DNA, and the DNA- a. Lysosomes...
...Lysosomes ANS: D The lysosomal membrane acts...
...protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes...
...digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the...
...the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their...
...their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption...
...matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various...
...a release of the ly- sosomal enzymes,...
...causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do...
...5. What is the sequence of steps...
...of steps in the development of a...
...digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from...
...pancreas cells from the initial transcription to...
...initial transcription to the release from the...
...the release from the cell? a. The...
...the cell? a. The enzyme is transcribed...
...by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to...
...nucleus, proceeds to the ribo- some for...
...secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. b....
...cell membrane. b. The enzyme is transcribed...
...by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to...
...nucleus, proceeds to the ly- sosome for...
...encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane. c....
...cell membrane. c. The enzyme is transcribed...
...is transcribed by the mito- chondria in...
...mito- chondria in the nucleus, proceeds to...
...nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis,...
...a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. d....
...cell membrane. d. The enzyme is transcribed...
...by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to...
...nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for...
...a cytosol to the cell membrane. ANS:...
...membrane. ANS: A The enzyme is transcribed...
...by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to...
...nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for syn-...
...secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The...
...the cell membrane. The other options do...
...which phase of the cell cycle is...
...M ANS: B The four designated phases...
...designated phases of the cell cycle are:...
...cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G...
...gap), which is the period between the...
...the period between the M phase (M...
...= mitosis) and the start of DNA...
...DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S...
...is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3)...
...cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during...
...protein synthesis occurs, the period between the...
...the period between the completion of DNA...
...DNA synthesis and the next phase (M);...
...(M); and (4) the M phase, which...
...and out of the cell; (2) pores...
...pumps that promote the concentration of certain...
...+ (K), within the cell while keeping...
...(Na), be- low the concentrations found in...
...concentrations found in the extracellular environment. The...
...the extracellular environment. The other options do...
...15 8. Understanding the various steps of...
...ANS: B Understanding the various steps involved...
...and neurodegenerative disorders. The other options do...
...entering cells across the plasma membrane? a....
...channels ANS: D The bilayer’s structure accounts...
...for one of the essential functions of...
...essential functions of the plasma membrane. It...
...in water) because the water-soluble molecules are...
...are insoluble in the oily core region....
...oily core region. The bilayer serves as...
...a barrier to the diffusion of water...
...through it readily. The other options do...
...Pages 12-13 10. The fluid mosaic model...
...fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular...
...compartments ANS: A The fluid mosaic model...
...model accounts for the flexibility of cellular...
...to many substances. The remaining options do...
...do not explain the mosaic model. PTS:...
...to communicate within the cell itself and...
...(receptors) that affect the cell itself and...
...direct physical contact. The other options do...
...(3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model,...
...local-chemical mediator model, the secreted chemical acts...
...chemical acts on the cells in the...
...the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones...
...and rely on the blood system to...
...system to deliver the signal to a...
...acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a...
...stroyed, or immobilized. The other options do...
...14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by...
...of chemical signaling, the target cell receives...
...target cell receives the signal by first...
...its re- ceptors. The other options do...
...receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding...
...can occur by the binding of a...
...closely associated with the channel (e.g., G...
...(e.g., G proteins). The other op- tions...
...ANS: B ++ The two major second...
...provides energy for the cell? a. Oxidative...
...glucose molecule through the process of oxidation...
...of oxidation or the removal and transfer...
...pair of electrons. The other options do...
...provides energy to the cell. PTS: 1...
...18. What is the mechanism by which...
...mechanism by which the energy produced from...
...phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is...
...mitochondria and is the mechanism by which...
...mechanism by which the energy produced from...
...transferred to ATP. The other options do...
...not correctly identify the mechanism described in...
...mechanism described in the question. PTS: 1...
...energy generated by the cell ANS: A...
...through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid...
...which depend on the laws of physics...
...not require life. The other options do...
...concentra- tion of the solute on the...
...the solute on the outside of the...
...the outside of the cell b. Membranes...
...of binding with the substances to be...
...are moved into the cell by mechanisms...
...and binding with the substance to be...
...transported. Diffusion is the movement of a...
...Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of...
...membranes. Osmosis is the movement of water...
...of specificity for the substance being transported?...
...of specificity for the substance being transported....
...different cellular membranes. The remaining options do...
...not correctly identify the process described. PTS:...
...Page 31 22. The movement of fluid...
...of fluid across the arterial end of...
...capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding...
...interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an...
...Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of...
...cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic...
...hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated...
...in vessels by the contrac- tion of...
...contrac- tion of the heart. Blood reaching...
...heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has...
...push water across the thin capillary membranes...
...capillary membranes into the interstitial space. The...
...the interstitial space. The remaining options do...
...not correctly identify the process described. PTS:...
...over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic...
...osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of...
...chloride, which influence the volume of solution....
...perfusion more than the weight of solutes....
...c. More of the weight of plasma...
...activity depends on the concen- tration of...
...plasma, less of the plasma weight is...
...is water; therefore the overall concentration of...
...particles is greater. The osmolality will be...
...be greater than the osmolarity because of...
...osmolarity because of the smaller proportion of...
...Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of...
...intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride...
...chloride lost in the stool. What effect...
...pulled out of the cells by a...
...hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. The...
...the cells shrink. The remaining options do...
...not correctly describe the effect identified in...
...effect identified in the stem. PTS: 1...
...Page 31 25. The transport of glucose...
...of glucose from the blood to the...
...the blood to the cell is accomplished...
...Facilitated diffusion is the means by which...
...is transported from the blood to the...
...the blood to the cells. The remaining...
...to the cells. The remaining options do...
...C + + The exact mechanism for...
...exact mechanism for the transport of Na...
...and K across the membrane is uncertain....
...ATPase enzyme induces the transporter protein to...
...(see Figure 1-29). The remaining + +...
...not correctly describe the means by which...
...are secreted into the cellu- lar matrix....
...No repairs in the plasma membrane can...
...and out of the cell. ANS: A...
...occurs by exocytosis. The re- maining options...
...greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)....
...greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)....
...fluid (ECF). c. The resting plasma membrane...
...anions are inside the cell. ANS: C...
...+ + Because the resting plasma membrane...
...higher concentration in the ICF to its...
...lower concentration in the ECF. + +...
...are both cations, the net result is...
...of anions inside the cell, result- ing...
...result- ing in the resting membrane potential....
...resting membrane potential. The remaining options do...
...not correctly identify the pro- + cess...
...Page 36 29. The cellular uptake of...
...cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends...
...transport ANS: C The cellular uptake of...
...not transported via the other options. PTS:...
...30. What causes the rapid change in...
...rapid change in the resting membrane potential...
...potassium rushes into the cell, changing the...
...the cell, changing the mem- brane potential...
...sodium rushes into the cell, changing the...
...the cell, changing the membrane po- tential...
...allowing potassium into the cell to change...
...cell to change the membrane po- tential...
...allowing sodium into the cell to change...
...cell to change the membrane po- tential...
...through voltage-regulated channels, the cell membranes be-...
...Na moves into the cell, and the...
...the cell, and the membrane potential de-...
...millivolts) to zero. The Na gates open,...
...Na rushes into the cell, causing the...
...the cell, causing the membrane potential to...
...posi- tive (depolarization). The remaining options do...
...not correctly describe the change that initiates...
...Page 36 31. The action of platelet-derived...
...is to stimulate the production of which...
...growth factor stimulates the production of connective...
...connective tissue cells. The remaining options do...
...correctly de- scribe the action of platelet-derived...
...Page 39 32. The role of cytokines...
...cell reproduction through the cell cycle. c....
...major role in the regulation of tissue...
...(see Table 1-6). The remaining options do...
...not correctly describe the role of cytokines...
...33. What is the process of cellular...
...cellular reproduction? a. The process often takes...
...been formed. d. The process involves the...
...The process involves the interaction of male...
...C During telophase, the final stage, a...
...of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear,...
...fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to...
...uncoil. Cytokinesis causes the cytoplasm to divide...
...this phase. At the end of telo-...
...been formed from the original cell. PTS:...
...are smaller than the typical prokary- ote...
...larger than prokaryotes. The remaining statements are...
...c. Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria....
...C In phagocytosis, the large molecular substances...
...are engulfed by the plasma membrane and...
...membrane and enter the cell so that...
...designated, based on the size of the...
...the size of the vesicle formed. Pinocytosis...
...(cell drinking) involves the ingestion of fluids...
...solute molecules through the formation of small...
...(cell eating) involves the ingestion of large...
...A cell has the potential to differentiation...
...and to gain the ability to perform...
...conductivity. Cells of the adrenal gland, testis,...
...and then secrete the new substances to...
...elsewhere as needed. The other options are...
...used to describe the function described in...
...function described in the stem. PTS: 1...
...All cells have the capacity to excrete,...
...products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of...
...breakdown of nutrients. The remaining options are...
...39. What are the major chemical components...
...chemical components of the cell membranes? (Select...
...ANS: A, E The major chemical components...
...and proteins, but the percentage of each...
...d. Lens of the eye e. Skeletal...
...undergo mitosis during the formation of the...
...the formation of the embryo, but many...
...lens cells of the eye, and muscle...
...are true concerning the process of facilitated...
...Facilitated diffusion is the primary means for...
...called facilitated diffusion, the protein transporter moves...
...necessary. Osmosis is the movement of water...
...barrier membrane b. The process of osmosis...
...which depend on the laws of physics...
...43. What is the primary function of...
...and out of the cell; (b) pores...
...15 MATCHING Match the structure with its...
...45. Fuses with the plasma membrane to...
...release contents from the cell. 46. Synthesizes...
...Pages 5-6 MSC: The endoplasmic reticulum (endo...
...that specializes in the synthesis and transport...
...and transport of the protein and lipid...
...of most of the cell's organelles. 45....
...MSC: Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are...
...that collect at the end of the...
...the end of the membranous folds of...
...membranous folds of the Golgi bodies. The...
...the Golgi bodies. The secretory vesicles then...
...break off from the Golgi complex and...
...extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane. The...
...the plasma membrane. The vesicles fuse with...
...vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, and...
...are released from the cell. 46. ANS:...
...Pages 5-6 MSC: The endoplasmic reticulum (endo...
...that specializes in the synthesis and transport...
...and transport of the protein and lipid...
...of most of the cell's organelles. 47....
...Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system...
...and sugars. Match the structure with its...
...MSC: Osmosis is the movement of water...
...called active transport, the protein transporter moves...
...against, or up, the concentration gradient. Unlike...
...active-mediated transport requires the expenditure of energy....
...called facilitated diffusion, the protein transporter moves...