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Nutrition Study Outline First, this is a fairly comprehensive outline of topics and concepts for this Nutrition course, but is not all inclusive. As sciences go, there is ever changing information and updates which will be presented during lecture and are pertinent. The Science of Nutrition and its history Nutrient Classifications 6 Classes of Nutrients: Carbohydrates (CHO), Proteins, Lipids, Water, Vitamins & Minerals Organic (CHO, Protein, Lipids, Vitamins) vs. Inorganic (Water & Minerals) Macronutrients (Water, CHO, Proteins, Fat) vs. Micronutrients (Vitamins & Minerals) Which Provide Energy (CHO and Proteins = 4 kcal/g; Fat = 9 kcal/g; Alcohol = 7 kcal/g) Essentiality: Our bodies cannot make or make in sufficient quantity; therefore we need to consume them in our diet. Nutritional Guidelines: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Guidelines Estimate Average Requirement (EAR) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Adequate Intake (AI) Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) Daily Value (DV) Supplements: are they regulated? Structure-function claims Reliable sources for information; where do you turn for information? Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Peer-reviewed science journals Registered dieticians Ergogenic aids Food allergies: what are the top 5 food allergies RDA and DV’s for the following food groups Food Categories RDA Daily Value Carbohydrates (CHO) Fiber Sugars Protein Fat Total Fat Saturated Fat Trans-Fat Polyunsaturated Fats Omega-3 Omega-6 For the six categories of nutrients (Proteins, CHO, Fat, Vitamins, Minerals & H2O) know the following: A Good Food source RDA and DV values Subcategories: nomenclature, structures, function Simple & complex CHO Simple CHO’s Monosaccharides, Disaccharides Polysaccharides: Starch, Fiber (Water Soluble, Water Insoluble), Glycogen Fats Saturated Unsaturated Trans-fats Cholesterol Essential / non-essential Proteins = 20 AA, 9 essential, 11 nonessential Di-peptide, Tri-peptide, Polypeptide Vitamins Water Soluble Fat Soluble Minerals Major Minerals Trace Minerals Water Function(s) for the body Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Transport, excretion and/or storage and where _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7yGj6i5lBA_ _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uzl6M1YlU3w_ Deficiency (risk? Deficiency name and symptoms); populations at risk for deficiencies Toxicity (risk? Toxicity name and symptoms) Other pertinent information: nutrient-nutrient interactions Bioavailability an issue, what would increase or decrease bioavailability? Variations for Life-Stages and At-Risk groups: Fetal Development, Infancy, adolescent, puberty, adult, aging US Health Issues related to Nutritional Intake Cardiovascular Disease: plaque development which leads to atherosclerosis Diabetes: Type I and II, role of insulin and glucagon, ketone bodies (nutritional and physiological states which lead to Ketosis) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX4HLMY_1Bg&feature=related Hypertension: cause and effect as it relates to CVD and classifications Cancer: immune system’s role, and impact of nutritional intake _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo&NR=1&feature=fvwp_ _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unTshYSctAQ&feature=related_ Food Processing Refined Grains: brown rice vs white rice Fortification Enrichment Processed foods (compare canned, restaurants, fast foods vs homemade and whole foods); GI tract Anatomy, Accessory organs and their function, motility and transport (see figure 1) Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (colon), anus Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Sphincters Mastication Peristalsis Bile, digestive enzymes and co-enzymes, HCl acid, Bicarbonate: where are they produced (organ and cell type), function in digestion _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uzl6M1YlU3w_ Bioavailability Defined: Dietary components which interact/interfere with digestion and effect nutrient status Phytic and Oxalic acid Tannins Chronic diarrhea Gastrointestinal atrophy Vegetarian diets Metabolism Metabolic Pathways for CHO, Proteins and Fat Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis b-oxidation / Fatty Acid Synthesis Glucogenic / Ketogenic AA’s Citric Acid Cycle (TCA), Electron Transport chain, Electron Carriers, ATPase Anabolism / Catabolism reactions Hydrolysis / Condensation reactions Regulation of metabolism (enzymes, hormones, product feedback, etc.) Oxidation / Reduction reactions (electron carriers) Physiological Energy Requirements Calculating Energy Requirement Components: Basal Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Food, Activity, Requirement vs. Intake Weight loss or gain Weight Management Body-Mass-Index Hip-to-Waist Ratio / Apple vs. Pear shape (location of fat deposition) Fad diets Components of a successful weight loss program Behavior Modification Reduced Calorie Intake (define reduced and reasonable ranges) Physical Activity Physical activity and it’s components Behavior Modification (Chain breaking behaviors) Physical Activity Reduced calorie diet Eating Disorders (define / characteristics and treatments) Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge eating Miscellaneous Items Red blood cells and Hemoglobin Sickle Cell Disease Collagen Blood Cholesterol Levels Blood Glucose levels Define: Tissues, cells, organs Chemical level - includes all chemical substances (atoms, ions, & molecules) necessary for life (e.g., genes and proteins or, shown below, a small portion - a _heme_group_ - of a hemoglobin molecule); together form the next higher level Cellular level - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & _there_are_many_different_types_of_cells_ (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood…) Two types of__cells_t_hat make up all living things on earth: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. _Prokaryotic_cells_, like bacteria, have no 'nucleus', while eukaryotic cells, like those of the human body, do. So, a _human_cell_ is enclosed by a cell, or plasma, membrane. Enclosed by that membrane is the cytoplasm (with associated organelles) plus a nucleus. _Tissue_ level - a _tissue_is_a_group_of_cells_that_perform_a_specific_function_ and the basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues Organ level - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach, and so on) System level - an association of organs that have a common function; there are 11 major systems in the human body, including _digestive_, _nervous_, _endocrine_, _circulatory_, _respiratory_, _urinary_, _reproductive_, muscular, lymphatic, skeletal, and integumentary. Additional Figures Figure 1: GI Trace and Accessory Organs Figure 2: Levels of Organization _Prokaryotic_cells_, Cell structure of a _bacterium_, one of the two domains of prokaryotic life. Structure of a typical eukaryotic cell Watch a video on the function and structure of the cellular membrane: _http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULR79TiUj80&feature=player_embedded_ Cell, or Plasma, membrane - encloses every human cell: 2 primary building blocks include protein (about 60% of the membrane) and lipid, or fat (about 40% of the membrane). The primary lipid is called a _phospholipid_, and molecules of phospholipid form a 'phospholipid bilayer' (two layers of phospholipid molecules). This bilayer forms because the two 'ends' of phospholipid molecules have very different characteristics: one end is polar (or hydrophilic) and one (the hydrocarbon tails below) is non-polar (or hydrophobic) And yes, you’ll learn a bit of biochemistry (it’s required) Figure 3: Metabolic Pathway Figure 4: Nutrient Summary Table Food Categories RDA DV Good Food Source Function Digestion/ Absorption Transport Excretion Deficiency Toxicity Other Carbohydrates (CHO) Fiber Sugars (Simple) Protein Fat Total Fat Saturated Fat Trans-Fat (Lipo-genic) Polyunsaturated -Omega-3 (Linoleic) -Omega-6 (Linolenic) Vitamins Vit A (Carotenoids) Vit D (Calciferol) Vit E (Tocopherol) Vit K (Phylloquinone) Vit B1 (Thiamin) Vit B2 (Riboflavin) Vit B3 (Niacin) Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) Vit B9 (Folate) Vit B12 (Cobalamin) Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) Water (H2O) Minerals Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Magnessium (Mg+) Calcium (Ca+) Iron (Fe++) Zinc (Zn+) Iodine (I) 3 | Page