school paper

Concepts DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Identify the organs of the digestive system and list their major functions Digestive system organs- Teeth- mechanical processing by chewing. Tongue- assist mechanical processing with teeth, sensory analysis. Salivary glands- secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates. Liver- secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients. Pancreas- exocrine cells create buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones. Gallbladder- storage and concentration of bile. Discuss the anatomy of the oral cavity, and list the functions of its major structures Oral cavity-(buccal) Is lines by the oral mucosa. The oral cavity senses and analyzes food before swallowing, mechanically processes food, lubricates food by mixing it with mucus and salivary gland secretion. Discuss the key events of the swallowing process Buccal phase- compression of bolus against hard palate. Retraction of the tongue then forces bolus into the oropharynx. Pharyngeal phase- begins when bolus meets the palatal arches and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Esophageal phase- begins as the contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance of the esophagus, the bolus is pushed into the stomach by peristalsis. Describe the anatomy of the following: Stomach and its role in digestion and absorption Partial digestion takes place in the stomach. The stomach releases enzymes for chemical break down. Pepsin is responsible for protein breakdown. Pharynx- is the throat and serves for solid food, liquids and air. Food normally passes through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx on its way to the esophagus. small intestine and its regulation of intestinal secretions- small intestine plays a key role in digesting and absorbing nutrients. Intestinal secretions have roughly 1.8 liters of watery intestinal juice enter the intestinal lumen each day. intestinal juice moistens the intestinal content, help buffer acids, and keep both the digestive enzymes and the products of digestion in solution. pancreas, liver, gallbladder and explain how their activities are regulated pancreas- provides digestive enzymes, as well as buffers that help neutralize chyme. Liver- secretes bile Gallbladder- solution is stored in the gall bladder for later discharge into small intestine. Bile contains buffers and bile salts. large intestine and list its absorptive functions. Large intestine- Reabsorption of water and compaction of the intestinal contents of feces. Absorption of important vitamins freed by bacterial action, and storage of fecal material prior to defecation. Give examples of interactions between the digestive system and other body systems Integumentary system- digestive system provides lipids for storage by adipocytes in hypodermis. Skeletal system- digestive system absorbs calcium and phosphate ions for use in bone matrix; provides lipids for storage in the yellow marrow. Cardiovascular system- digestive system absorbs fluid to maintain normal blood volume; absorbs vitamin K; lives excretes heme, synthesis in blood clotting proteins. Chap 17 METABOLIZM List the nutrients required by the body carbohydrates. proteins. fats. minerals. vitamins. fiber. water. Describe the chemical digestion of organic nutrients Catabolism – releases energy that can be used to synthesis ATP or other high energy compounds. Anabolism- ATP produced in the mitochondria provides energy to support anabolism and other cell functions. Define metabolism and energetics, and explain why cells need to synthesize new organic molecules Metabolism: Energetics: Why cells need to synthesize new organic molecules Describe the basic steps of the aerobic metabolism of glucose Explain what makes a balanced diet and why such as diet is important Describe lipid metabolism and transport Describe protein metabolism and the use of proteins as an energy source URINARY SYSTEM Identify the organs of the urinary system, and describe the functions of the system Organs of the urinary system Functions of the system Two kidneys Two ureters Bladder Two sphincter muscles Nerves in the bladder Urethra two kidneys filter blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid. The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled. During urination, sphincters relax and open when messages are relayed from your nerves and your brain to the pelvic floor muscles. nerves in the spinal cord control bladder and bowel function and the brain. urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. Describe the locations and structural features of the kidneys, trace the path of blood flow to, within, and from a kidney, and describe the structure of the nephron Kidney- are located on either side of the vertebral side of the vertebral column between the last thoracic. (T12) and third lumbar(L3) vertebrae. The kidney and adrenal gland lie between the muscles of the dorsal body wall and the peritoneal lining. Blood flow-Real artery_ interlobar arteries arcuate arteries_ cortical radiate arteries Afferent arterioles. Nephron- consist of two main parts. Renal corpuscle, and Renal tubule. Renal tubule is U-shaped tube that extends into the medulla. Discuss the major functions of each portion of the nephron, and outline the process involved in urine formation Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Site of filtration, passive process aka doesn’t require energy. Reabsorbing useful organic molecules, 90 percent of water Secretes into tubular fluid any waste product that were missed by filtration process Filtration- blood pressure forces out water across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle. Reabsorption- is removal of water and solute molecules from the tubular fluid, and their movement across the tubular epithelium and into peritubular fluid. Secretion- is the transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid. Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, discuss the control of urination, and describe the micturition reflex Ureters: pair of muscular tubes that move urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urinary bladder: is a hollow muscular organ that stores urine prior to urination. Urethra: extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. Control of urination: Micturition reflex coordinates process of urination, or micturition. Micturition reflex: normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder. Describe how water and electrolytes are distributed within the body body's nerve reactions and muscle function are dependent upon the proper exchange of these electrolyte ions outside and inside cells. Examples of electrolytes are calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Electrolyte Imbalance can cause a variety of symptoms. Explain the basic process involved in maintaining fluid balance and electrolyte balance three hormones that play key roles in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance: 1) antidiuretic hormone, released from the posterior pituitary; 2) aldosterone, secreted from the adrenal cortex; and 3) atrial natriuretic peptide, produced by the heart. having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments. The kidneys help maintain electrolyte concentrations by filtering electrolytes and water from blood, returning some to the blood, and excreting any excess into the urine. Discuss examples of interactions between the urinary system and other body systems clears waste from entire body Kidneys can cause reabsorption of water to keep the body hydrated Kidneys filer blood from urea and uric acid Male sex organs work together to produce and release semen into the female reproductive system during intercourse. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are all the parts of the urinary system. The urinary system cleans the blood in the circulatory system. Blood traveling back to the heart passes through the kidneys in the urinary system. STOP! Silvia’s part---------- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM List the basic structures of the human reproductive system, and summarize the functions of each Describe the structures of the female / male reproductive system Discuss oogenesis Explain the ovarian and uterine cycle Give examples of interactions between the reproductive system and other body systems Explain the relationship between differentiation and development Describe the process of fertilization List the three stages of prenatal development, and describe the major events of each Discuss the importance of the placenta as an endocrine organ Discuss the events that occur during labor and delivery   Extended Response: A. Describe the interplay between maternal organ systems and the developing fetus, and discuss the structural and functional changes in the uterus during gestation   B. Discuss the hormonal activities involved in the urinary system.