health

My Health: An Outcomes Approach Psychological Health 1) Which of the following best defines psychological health? A) The sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives B) The way we think about our day-to-day lives only C) The way we feel and relate in our day-to-day lives only D) The way we relate and exist in our day-to-day lives only Answer: A 2) Which of the following needs are included in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Survival needs and security needs, but not esteem needs B) Security needs, social needs, and esteem needs, but not self-actualization C) Survival needs, security needs, social needs, and esteem needs D) Social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization, but not security needs Answer: C 3) Which of the following is not a basic element shared by psychologically healthy people? A) They feel good about themselves. B) They control tension and anxiety. C) They appreciate and respect nature. D) They curb guilt but not hate. Answer: D 4) The four dimensions of psychological health are A) mental, physical, social, and environmental. B) mental, emotional, social, and spiritual. C) mental, emotional, physical, and environmental. D) mental, physical, environmental, and spiritual. Answer: B 5) Common descriptions of strong social support include all of the following except A) being cared for and loved. B) being esteemed and valued. C) having a sense of isolation. D) having access to guidance from others. Answer: C 6) The intellectual ability to sort through information, messages, and life events; to attach meaning to those events; and to respond appropriately is often referred to as intellectual health, a subset of A) social health. B) emotional health. C) spiritual health. D) mental health. Answer: D 7) Emotions such as anxiety and joy can be described as the interplay of all of the following components except A) heredity. B) physiological arousal. C) feelings. D) cognitive (thought) processes. Answer: A 8) Which of the following is not an example of spiritual health? A) Organized religion B) Love of nature C) Love of material possessions D) Sense of connection to others Answer: C 9) Sharon has been bouncing ideas off friends as she tries to decide whether she should major in chemistry or chemical engineering. Which of the multiple environmental factors that influence psychological health is Sharon utilizing? A) Community B) Social supports C) Polling data D) Family Answer: B 10) Martin Seligman's principle of ________ helps to counteract learned helplessness and foster more overall positive development through improved mental health practices. A) learned helpfulness B) learned pessimism C) learned optimism D) learned mindfulness Answer: C 11) Which of the following is not considered a personality trait related to psychological well-being? A) Agreeableness B) Introversion C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability Answer: B 12) Of the personality traits related to psychological well-being, resiliency is best described by which of the following? A) The willingness to demonstrate curiosity and independence B) The ability to conform, be likable, and demonstrate friendly compliance and love C) The ability to maintain emotional control D) The ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways Answer: D 13) When considering how others influence your psychological well-being, your sense of self-respect or self-worth refers to your A) resiliency. B) self-esteem. C) self-centeredness. D) self-efficacy. Answer: B 14) Which of the following skills for behavior change will probably not build your self-efficacy and self-esteem? A) Spend time with people who treat you poorly. B) Do things you are good at, and enjoy the satisfaction in a job well done. C) Acknowledge that you're a good person by rewarding yourself regularly. D) List things that make you happy; do something from your list every day. Answer: A 15) How the brain and behavior affect the body's immune system is the study of A) neuroimmunology (NI). B) psychoimmunology (PI). C) neuropsychoimmunology (NPI). D) psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). Answer: D Page Ref: 28 16) After a failed marriage, loss of a job, a chronic illness, and bankruptcy, Adrian has given up and no longer takes action to help himself, a pattern known as A) negative expressiveness. B) depressive helplessness. C) learned helplessness. D) hopeless pattern behavior. Answer: C 17) Subjective well-being is defined by three components. Which of the following is not one of them? A) Satisfaction with your present life B) The relative presence of positive emotions C) The relative absence of negative emotions D) Dissatisfaction with your present life Answer: D 18) Which of the following strategies will probably help you use positive psychology to enhance your happiness? A) Develop gratitude, know when to say when, but never use capitalization B) Develop gratitude, use capitalization, and know when to say when C) Know when to say when, grow a signature strength, but never develop gratitude D) Grow a signature strength, use capitalization, but never know when to say when Answer: B Page Ref: 28 19) Which of the following are strategies that you should try to support and improve your psychological health? A) Find a support group, complete required tasks, and form unrealistic expectations B) Complete required tasks, get adequate sleep, and let your physical health deteriorate C) Maintain physical health, form realistic expectations, and get adequate sleep D) Form realistic expectations, get inadequate sleep, and make time for you Answer: C 20) Which of the following students is least likely to have subjective well-being? A) Joe's father works in the coal mines and his mom stays at home raising his three little sisters. Joe, a sophomore, lives at home and does odd jobs around town to help make ends meet. Joe is proud to be the first in his family to attend college. B) Jim's father is a partner in a prestigious law firm; his mother stays at home raising his three little sisters. Jim, a sophomore, lives in a nice off-campus apartment because those geeky freshmen in the residence halls really get on his nerves. C) John, the team's starting quarterback, is facing the toughest team in the conference but is excited because he is sure his team will play a great game. D) Jacob was the team's starting quarterback last year and is really disappointed about being moved to a back-up position. He still goes to every practice and game, giving his best effort, and is really excited about how well the team is doing this year. Answer: B Page Ref: 28 21) According to Professor Brian Luke Seaward, the core of human spirituality consists of the following three elements. A) Relationships, values, and purpose in life B) Relationships, values, and religion C) Religion, relationships, and attaining inner harmony D) Values, attaining inner harmony, and seeking beauty in life Answer: A Page Ref: 30 22) Spirituality may or may not lead to participation in organized religion. Which of the following best defines religion? A) The combination of relationships, values, and purpose in life B) An individual's principles—the set of fundamental rules by which he or she conducts his or her life C) An individual's sense of purpose and meaning in life, beyond material values D) A system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent Answer: D Page Ref: 30 23) According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), spiritual or religious well-being may help restore a sick person's health and improve their quality of life by A) increasing alcohol and drug abuse. B) increasing feelings of hope and optimism. C) increasing anxiety and depression. D) increasing blood pressure. Answer: B Page Ref: 31 Learning Outcome: 2.6.2 24) All of the following are strategies for cultivating spiritual health. Which would you categorize as "reaching out to others"? A) Expanding your mind through psychological counseling B) Practicing meditation C) Volunteering to coach a youth soccer team D) Practicing yoga Answer: C Page Ref: 33 Learning Outcome: 2.7.1 25) Based on the most recent National College Health Assessment survey, which of the following is the greatest mental health issue of American college students? A) Felt overwhelmed by all they needed to do B) Intentionally injured themselves C) Had difficulty functioning because of depression D) Seriously considered suicide Answer: A Page Ref: 34 Learning Outcome: 2.8.1 26) Which of the following is probably not a risk factor for mental illness? A) Childhood abuse or neglect B) Financial security C) Having biological relatives with mental illness D) Experiencing combat Answer: B Page Ref: 34 Learning Outcome: 2.8.1 27) Anxiety disorders affect more than 40 million people 18 or older each year. This represents about ________ of all adults in the United States. A) 37 percent B) 2 percent C) 10 percent D) 18 percent Answer: D Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 28) The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include A) the desire to relive and change the event outcome. B) retelling traumatic event details. C) intrusive recollections of the traumatic events, such as nightmares. D) a complete loss of memory about the event. Answer: C Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 29) The students in Katherine's dorm are all pretty serious about their studies, but they're also very social, so they have parties several times every semester. Katherine has always avoided these parties for fear of being humiliated. Which of the following anxiety disorders does she suffer from? A) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) Social phobia C) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) D) Panic attacks Answer: B Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 30) Richard is afraid of spiders. Which of the following anxiety disorders does he suffer from? A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) B) Panic attacks C) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) D) Phobia Answer: D Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 31) When he was 11, David was sexually abused by someone in authority at his church. Ten years later, he still has nightmares about it. Which of the following anxiety disorders does he suffer from? A) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) Social phobia C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Panic attacks Answer: A Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 32) For as long as she can remember, Althea has felt as if her hands were never clean enough. As a result, she washes them constantly throughout each day. Which of the following anxiety disorders does she suffer from? A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) B) Social phobia C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Panic attacks Answer: C Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 33) Which of the following are chronic mood disorders? A) Major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and learned helplessness B) Bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and major depression C) Dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) D) Social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic attacks Answer: B Page Ref: 36 34) Growing up in Seattle, WA, where the winter days are relatively short and generally overcast, Elisabeth noticed that she was often irritable and sad and that she tended to sleep a lot. Now that she is attending college in San Diego, CA, where the winter days are longer and generally sunny, her symptoms have mostly resolved. Based on this limited information, which mood disorder does she suffer from? A) Major depression B) Bipolar disorder C) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) D) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Answer: D Page Ref: 36-37 35) Mood disorders are caused by the interaction of many factors, including A) inherited traits and life events, but not trauma. B) biological differences and hormones, but not life events. C) trauma and life events, but not hormones. D) hormones, life events, and trauma. Answer: D Page Ref: 37 36) Rasheed has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption. Those who know him find him overly needy and demanding. Which of the following personality disorders does Rasheed most likely suffer from? A) Paranoid personality disorder B) Borderline personality disorder (BPD) C) Narcissistic personality disorder D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 37) Malik has met Maurice on just two occasions. In the first, he and some friends got a ride home from Maurice, who proceeded to run multiple stop signs and pass other cars at high speeds, barely avoiding oncoming traffic. In the second, he accidentally surprised Maurice in the bathroom, where he noticed that Maurice had been using a knife to cut himself. If Maurice suffers form a personality disorder, which of the following is most likely? A) Borderline personality disorder (BPD) B) Narcissistic personality disorder C) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) D) Paranoid personality disorder Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 38) Treatment for schizophrenia includes all of the following except A) light therapy. B) psychotherapy. C) medication. D) hospitalization. Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 39) Which of the following statements about suicide is true? A) Nearly four times as many women die by suicide than men. B) Suicide is the second leading cause of death on college campuses. C) Women are almost twice as likely as men to use firearms. D) Men are almost three times as likely as women to use poisoning. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Learning Outcome: 2.13.1 40) Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide? A) Suicide by a close friend or family member B) Excessive substance use or abuse C) Loss of a loved one D) Multiple minor illnesses Answer: D Page Ref: 40 Learning Outcome: 2.13.1 41) All of the following actions are recommended to prevent suicide except A) take all threats seriously, don't just brush them off. B) use the "tough love" approach when empathy is ineffective. C) ask directly, "Are you thinking about hurting or killing yourself?" Let them know you care. D) listen carefully, and empathize and sympathize without acting shocked by what they say. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Learning Outcome: 2.13.2 42) Approximately what ratio of Americans seeks help from mental health professionals at some point in their lives? A) 1 in 20 B) 1 in 10 C) 1 in 5 D) 1 in 3 Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Learning Outcome: 2.14.1 43) If you think you have a psychological problem and need treatment, which of the following should you do first? A) Keep it to yourself; whatever you do, discuss it with no one. B) Schedule a thorough examination, including a physical checkup, a psychiatric history, and a mental status examination. C) Interview three different psychiatrists. D) Try to "just get over it." Answer: B Page Ref: 41 Learning Outcome: 2.14.2 44) Roberta is afraid of spiders. This is an example of which of the following anxiety disorders? A) Social anxiety disorder B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) C) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) D) Phobic disorder Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 45) Beth has flashbacks to the evening a drunk driver crashed into her car. This is an example of which of the following anxiety disorders? A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) B) Social anxiety disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 46) Denise has an unnatural concern about order and exactness. This is an example of which of the following anxiety disorders? A) Phobic disorder B) Social anxiety disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Answer: C Page Ref: 37 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 47) Christian has been irritable, feeling on edge, and easily fatigued for more days than not during a six-month period. This is an example of which of the following anxiety disorders? A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) B) Social anxiety disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Answer: A Page Ref: 37 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 48) Arturo avoids playing intramural sports because he is afraid of embarrassing himself. This is an example of which of the following anxiety disorders? A) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) B) Social anxiety disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) D) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Answer: B Page Ref: 37 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 49) In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, survival needs consist of food, shelter, creativity, affection, and respect for others. Answer: FALSE 50) Psychologically healthy people feel comfortable with other people, and express respect and compassion toward others. Answer: TRUE 51) Esteem needs (e.g., self-respect and respect for others) are higher in Maslow's hierarchy of needs than social needs (e.g., belonging and acceptance). Answer: TRUE 52) Within the four dimensions of psychological health, the term "mental health" includes a person's interactions with others on an individual and group basis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 24 53) Emotionally unhealthy people are much more likely than emotionally healthy people to let their feelings overpower them. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 54) According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), spirituality is an individual's sense of purpose and meaning in life, beyond material values. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 55) Everyone raised in dysfunctional families becomes psychologically unhealthy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 26 56) Self-efficacy describes a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in and execute a specific behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 27 57) As part of the mind-body connection, psychologist Richard Davidson has proposed that neurotransmitters may function more efficiently in happy people. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 28 58) Getting enough sleep on a daily basis is a key factor in physical and psychological health. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 29 59) Finding a support group can improve your psychological health because the group can make you feel good about yourself and force you to take an honest look at your actions and choices. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 29 60) The terms "spirituality" and "religion" may be used interchangeably. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 30 61) The communities to which an individual belongs have no impact on psychological health. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 26 62) Spirituality can have a positive impact on health and wellness by improving your ability to cope with stress. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 Learning Outcome: 2.6.2 63) In the domain of spirituality, mindfulness usually refers to a practice of concentrating the mind on a spiritual or ethical subject, a view of the natural world, or an icon or other image representative of divinity. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 32 Learning Outcome: 2.7.1 64) Meditation is a practice of cultivating stillness and quieting the mind's noise. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 32 Learning Outcome: 2.7.1 65) Mental illnesses are disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors, causing varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 Learning Outcome: 2.8.1 66) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops only in someone who has witnessed war. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 67) An individual who continually experiences failure may eventually develop learned helplessness. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 27 68) The symptoms of major depression can last for weeks, months, or years. They can include sleeping too much or too little and difficulty concentrating. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 36 69) People with manic depression often have severe mood swings, ranging from extreme highs to extreme lows. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 36 70) The most beneficial treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is light therapy, using lamps that simulate sunlight. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 37 71) People with ADHD are hyperactive and distracted most of the time, but it rarely has any effect on their home, school, or work life. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 72) Schizophrenia is treatable but not curable with current treatment methods. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 73) The majority of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) engage in risky behavior, such as gambling sprees and unsafe sex. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 38 Learning Outcome: 2.11.1 74) Depression is the most common psychological problem facing older adults. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 39 Learning Outcome: 2.12.1 75) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts and is often associated with repetitive, hard-to-resist behavior. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 76) Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia, is never diagnosed in people under age 50. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 39 Learning Outcome: 2.12.1 77) A psychologically healthy person will never experience bereavement when a loved one dies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 39 Learning Outcome: 2.12.2 78) Cognitive therapy focuses on the impact of thoughts on feelings and behavior, whereas behavioral therapy focuses on what we do. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 41 Learning Outcome: 2.14.2 79) Intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience on a regular basis, such as love, hate, frustration, anxiety, and joy, are known as emotions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 80) The three facets of spirituality are relationships, purpose in life, and values. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 81) Anxiety disorders are the number one mental health problem in the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Learning Outcome: 2.9.1 82) Another name for bipolar disorder is ADHD. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 36 83) The fulfillment of potential is a component of the self-actualization needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 84) Belonging is a component of the security needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 24 85) Exercise is a component of the survival needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 86) Protection is a component of the social needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 24 87) Self-respect is a component of the esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 24 88) Compare and contrast psychologically healthy people with their "unhealthy" counterparts. What differences do you notice in psychologically healthy people? Answer: Noted characteristics of psychologically healthy people include the following: 1. They feel good about themselves; are realistic; respect self. 2. They feel comfortable with other people; can love and be loved. 3. They control tension and anxiety; internal locus of control. 4. They meet the demands of life; internal locus of control; flexible; adapt. 5. They curb hate and guilt; reach out to help others. 6. They maintain a positive outlook; optimistic. 7. They value diversity. 8. They respect nature. -23 89) Nearly 20 percent of Americans seek help for psychological problems. List five reasons you may need to consider seeking help. Answer: (any five of the following) 1. You feel you need help. 2. You feel out of control or experience wild mood swings. 3. Your fears or feelings of guilt distract you. 4. You have hallucinations. 5. You feel worthless, or feel life is not worth living. 6. Your life seems like nothing but a series of crises. 7. You're considering suicide. 8. You turn to drugs or alcohol to escape. Page Ref: 41 Learning Outcome: 2.14.1 90) Seventy-five to eighty percent of people who commit suicide indicate their intentions. List five warning signs that someone may be contemplating suicide. Answer: (any five of the following) 1. Recent loss and a seeming inability to let go of grief 2. A history of depression 3. A change in personality—withdrawal, irritability, anxiety, tiredness, and apathy 4. A change in behavior—inability to concentrate, loss of interest in classes or work, unexplained demonstration of happiness following a period of depression 5. Sexual dysfunction (e.g., impotence) or diminished sexual interest 6. Expressions of self-hatred or excessive risk-taking 7. A change in sleep or eating habits or in appearance 8. A direct statement such as "I might as well end it all" 9. An indirect statement such as "You won't have to worry about me anymore" 10. Making final preparations such as writing a will or giving away prized possessions 11. Preoccupation with death Page Ref: 40 Learning Outcome: 2.13.1 91) Most people who attempt suicide want to live, but they see death as the only way out of an intolerable situation. List five things you can do if someone you know threatens suicide. Answer: (any five of the following) 1. Monitor signals—don't leave them alone 2. Take threats seriously 3. Let the person know how much you care 4. Listen to them—empathize, sympathize, and keep them talking 5. Ask directly, "Are you thinking of hurting or killing yourself?" 6. Don't belittle their feelings 7. Help them think about alternatives 8. Tell your friend's spouse, partner, parents, siblings, or counselor Page Ref: 40 Learning Outcome: 2.13.2 92) The symptoms of major depression can last for weeks, months, or years. List five symptoms of major depression. Answer: (any five of the following) 1. Sadness and despair 2. Loss of motivation or interest in pleasurable activities 3. Preoccupation with failures and inadequacies 4. Difficulty concentrating; indecisiveness; memory lapses 5. Loss of sex drive or interest in close interactions with others 6. Fatigue and loss of energy; slow reactions 7. Sleeping too much or too little; insomnia 8. Feeling agitated, worthless, or hopeless 9. Withdrawal from friends and family 10. Diminished or increased appetite 11. Significant weight loss or gain 12. Recurring thoughts that life isn't worth living; thoughts of death or suicide 93) List Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top and give one example of each kind of need. Answer: 1. Bottom: Survival needs (food, water, sleep, exercise, sexual expression) 2. Security needs (shelter, safety, protection) 3. Social needs (belonging, affection, acceptance) 4. Esteem needs (self-respect, respect for others, accomplishment) 5. Top: Self-actualization (creativity, spirituality, fulfillment of potential) 94) Describe three of the six personality traits that psychologically healthy people possess. Answer: (any three of the following) 1. Extroversion—the ability to adapt to a social situation and demonstrate assertiveness, power, and/or interpersonal involvement 2. Agreeableness—the ability to conform, be likable, and demonstrate friendly compliance and love 3. Openness to experience—the willingness to demonstrate curiosity and independence or inquiring intellect 4. Emotional stability—the ability to maintain social control 5. Conscientiousness—being dependable and demonstrating self-control, discipline, and a need to achieve 6. Resiliency—the ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways 95) List five strategies you can use to support and improve your own psychological health. Answer: (any five of the following) 1. Find a support group 2. Complete required tasks 3. Form realistic expectations 4. Make time for you 5. Maintain physical health 6. Examine problems and seek help when necessary 7. Get adequate sleep