Transcript
Chapter 19
The Growth of Pluralism
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-1 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
From Homogeneity to Diversity
By end of 20th century, the United States’ melting pot metaphor had changed to that of a mosaic
Mistrust of new music was still common in first half and middle of century: Schoenberg, Stravinsky, ragtime, jazz, rock and roll
In later decades of century, audiences became more inclined to embrace music they liked and simply ignore any they found objectionable
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-2 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
From Homogeneity to Diversity
By 1980s, Western society was embracing greater diversity of musical idioms than at any point in its past
Innovations in technology created new opportunities for audiences to select content
Marketing dictated that musical works – specifically, recordings – be packaged in such a way as to target specific audiences and tastes
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-3 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The next concert by Schoenberg in Vienna. Schoenberg continues to conduct even though pandemonium has broken out. The image caricatures an actual event in which a performance of Alban Berg’s Altenberg Lieder, op. 4, led to an open revolt of the audience.
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-4 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Past Confronts the Present
Listening public’s interest in new idioms included both new and early music
Earlier repertories that had been previously inaccessible to music public became readily available through scores, performances, and recordings
Between 1950 and 1980, a number of outstanding groups arose that specialized in period instruments
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-5 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
By late 1970s, Josquin, Du Fay, and Machaut joined Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms in the record (and later CD) stores
Gregorian chant hit the charts in the mid-1990s
A great deal of supposedly new music in 20th century was extremely old but style of it was new to listeners
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-6 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Past Confronts the Present
Recorded versus Live Music
With phonograph, for the first time in history, a performance could be preserved and repeated, and a work of music could be heard outside presence of performing musician
Phonograph supplemented by radio, television, video- and audiotape, compact disc, and other recording technologies
Today, a greater selection of music is more readily available to more people in more places than ever before
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-7 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Authenticity
Idea of performing work of music in manner that reflected composer’s original intentions became more important
Performance techniques included different kinds of vibrato, articulation, attack, and approaches to tempo, dynamics, phrasing
Repertories shrank: instrumentalists dropped most arrangements of works not originally composed for their instruments
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-8 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Authenticity
In other repertories, authenticity took a different form
Jazz and rock vocalists cultivated sound considered emotionally authentic because it ran counter to standards of cultivated voice production
A “realistic” sound, unvarnished by training and practice, was taken to be a reflection of the performer’s emotional authenticity
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-9 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music and the State
Music took on an even more significant role in political life in 20th century
Instrumental music was particularly susceptible to varied political interpretations including Beethoven’s symphonies
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-10 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music and the State
Soviet Union struggled with nontraditional musical styles: absolute music (particularly abstract, complex music) was censured as “formalist” on grounds it was seemingly written without consideration of its emotional effect on average citizens
American leaders never became embroiled in musical politics to same degree as in Europe
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-11 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music and Race
Music played a vital role in ongoing struggle for racial justice throughout world, particularly in United States
African-American artists had to adapt their music and stage presentation to be accepted by white audiences
Ragtime, jazz, and rock increasingly brought black and white performers and audiences together when American society and most institutions were racially segregated
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-12 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music and Protest
Protest music of three movements in the 20th century:
Labor movement, especially in the decades 1910 to 1950
Civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s
Anti-Vietnam War movement from the mid-1960s through the early 1970s
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-13 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music Therapy
Music has been used to cure illnesses since ancient times
in 20th century, music therapy established as an acknowledged protocol for treatment of psychological, physical, and cognitive problems
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-14 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music Therapy
In clinical settings, music therapy helped patients suffering from neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
Scientists believe music’s therapeutic effects relate to its ability to enhance processes by which brain reorganizes cerebral functions damaged by disease or injury
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-15 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Ambient Music
Background music’s primary purpose is to shape actions and attitudes rather than to be a focus of attention
Few listeners are aware of presence of ambient music
By end of century, it had become most widely heard source of music in world
Ambient music is characterized by widely spaced textures, soft dynamics, subdued sense of rhythm or pulse
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-16 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in 20th-Century Society
Music in the 20th Century:
A Stylistic Overview
Anyone writing music in this era could choose from an unprecedented array of options in every element of the art
Styles varied so markedly from genre to genre, within genres, and even within the work of many individual composers that it is no longer possible to identify a lowest common denominator of style
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-17 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Music in the 20th Century:
A Stylistic Overview
Textures ranged from extremely simple to complex
Rhythm manifested itself in a variety of possibilities
Melody varied greatly according to genre, intended audience, function of work
Harmony was perceived in first two-thirds of 20th century as defining element of style
Form ranged from simple to complex
Instrumentation featured greater use and variety of percussion and electronically generated sounds
A History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 19-18 © 2014 Education, Inc.
By Mark Evan Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
