Ch23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age.docx

Chapter 23—Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896 SHORT ANSWER Identify and state the historical significance of the following: 1. Ulysses S. Grant ANS: Student answers will vary. 2. Horatio Seymour ANS: Student answers will vary. 3. Jim Fisk ANS: Student answers will vary. 4. Jay Gould ANS: Student answers will vary. 5. "Boss" Tweed ANS: Student answers will vary. 6. Thomas Nast ANS: Student answers will vary. 7. Horace Greeley ANS: Student answers will vary. 8. William Belknap ANS: Student answers will vary. 9. Roscoe Conkling ANS: Student answers will vary. 10. James G. Blaine ANS: Student answers will vary. 11. Rutherford B. Hayes ANS: Student answers will vary. 12. Denis Kearney ANS: Student answers will vary. 13. Winfield Scott Hancock ANS: Student answers will vary. 14. Samuel Tilden ANS: Student answers will vary. 15. James A. Garfield ANS: Student answers will vary. 16. Chester A. Arthur ANS: Student answers will vary. 17. Winfield S. Hancock ANS: Student answers will vary. 18. Charles J. Guiteau ANS: Student answers will vary. 19. Grover Cleveland ANS: Student answers will vary. 20. Benjamin Harrison ANS: Student answers will vary. 21. Thomas Reed ANS: Student answers will vary. 22. William McKinley ANS: Student answers will vary. 23. James B. Weaver ANS: Student answers will vary. 24. Tom Watson ANS: Student answers will vary. 25. Andrew Carnegie ANS: Student answers will vary. 26. Adlai E. Stevenson ANS: Student answers will vary. 27. William Jennings Bryan ANS: Student answers will vary. 28. J. P. Morgan ANS: Student answers will vary. Define and state the historical significance of the following: 29. soft/cheap money ANS: Student answers will vary. 30. hard/sound money ANS: Student answers will vary. 31. contraction ANS: Student answers will vary. 32. the "bloody shirt" ANS: Student answers will vary. 33. Gilded Age ANS: Student answers will vary. 34. spoils system ANS: Student answers will vary. 35. crop-lien system ANS: Student answers will vary. 36. pork-barrel bills ANS: Student answers will vary. 37. populism ANS: Student answers will vary. 38. grandfather clause ANS: Student answers will vary. Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 39. "Ohio Idea" ANS: Student answers will vary. 40. Black Friday ANS: Student answers will vary. 41. Tweed Ring ANS: Student answers will vary. 42. Crédit Mobilier ANS: Student answers will vary. 43. Whiskey Ring ANS: Student answers will vary. 44. Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company ANS: Student answers will vary. 45. Liberal Republicans ANS: Student answers will vary. 46. "Crime of '73" ANS: Student answers will vary. 47. Bland-Allison Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 48. Greenback Labor party ANS: Student answers will vary. 49. Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) ANS: Student answers will vary. 50. Stalwart ANS: Student answers will vary. 51. Half-Breed ANS: Student answers will vary. 52. Compromise of 1877 ANS: Student answers will vary. 53. Civil Rights Cases ANS: Student answers will vary. 54. Civil Rights Act of 1875 ANS: Student answers will vary. 55. Pendleton Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 56. Mugwumps ANS: Student answers will vary. 57. "Redeemers" ANS: Student answers will vary. 58. Plessy v. Ferguson ANS: Student answers will vary. 59. Jim Crow ANS: Student answers will vary. 60. Chinese Exclusion Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 61. "Mulligan letters" ANS: Student answers will vary. 62. United States vs. Wong Kim Ark ANS: Student answers will vary. 63. "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" ANS: Student answers will vary. 64. Billion-Dollar Congress ANS: Student answers will vary. 65. People's Party (Populists) ANS: Student answers will vary. 66. Sherman Silver Purchase Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 67. Colored Farmers' National Alliance ANS: Student answers will vary. 68. Farmers' Alliance ANS: Student answers will vary. 69. Wilson-Gorman Tariff ANS: Student answers will vary. 70. McKinley Tariff ANS: Student answers will vary. MULTIPLE CHOICE 71. Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he a. was personally dishonest and corrupt. b. did not believe in the principles of the Republican party. c. was unable to get others to follow his lead. d. had no political experience and was a poor judge of character. e. lacked political ambition ANS: D REF: p. 488 72. In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant a. transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote. b. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves. c. gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites. d. demonstrated his political skill. e. All of these ANS: B REF: p. 489 73. In the aftermath of the Civil War a. the population of the United States declined. b. Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice. c. the North developed a strong sense of moral superiority. d. concern for racial questions took precedence over economics. e. waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government. ANS: E REF: p. 488 74. In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody shirt" were reminding voters a. of the gory memories of the Civil War and the Republican party's role in the Union's victory. b. that the Civil War had been caused by the election of a Republican president. c. that Republicans had reformed the corrupt radical regimes in the Reconstruction South. d. that radical Republicans catered to freed slaves during Reconstruction. e. of Ku Klux Klan violence against blacks. ANS: A REF: p. 489 75. Which one of the following is least related to the other four? a. Jim Fisk b. "Black Friday" c. Jay Gould d. "Ohio Idea" e. Wall Street gold market ANS: D REF: p. 489 76. New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of a. New York Times exposés and the cartoons of Thomas Nast. b. federal income tax evasion charges. c. the RICO racketeering act. d. New York City's ethics laws. e. testimony by Tweed's partners in crime. ANS: A REF: p. 490 77. The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved a. public utility company bribes. b. Bureau of Indian Affairs payoffs. c. railroad construction kickbacks. d. evasion of excise taxes on distilled liquor. e. manipulating the Wall Street stock market. ANS: C REF: p. 490 78. In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of the Crédit Mobilizer a. left the country. b. belatedly started to follow honest business practices. c. used shady bookkeeping to conceal their insider financial deals. d. tried to gain immunity by testifying before Congress. e. bribed key congressmen by giving them shares of the company's valuable stock. ANS: E REF: p. 490 79. The Liberal Republican revolt from the regular Republican party in 1872 was motivated primarily by a. dismay at the Republicans' weakness in upholding radical Reconstruction in the South. b. nostalgia for leadership like that of the martyred Abraham Lincoln. c. disgust at the corruption and scandals of the Grant administration. d. a fervent passion for reforms on behalf of women and blacks. e. a desire to strengthen the federal government's regulation of big business. ANS: C REF: p. 490-491 80. President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because a. the Democrats and Liberal Republicans could not decide on a single candidate. b. he promised reforms in the political system. c. he was the only candidate who enjoyed support in both the North and South. d. the Democrats and Liberal Republicans chose the eccentric editor Horace Greeley as their candidate. e. of the massive support of black voters in the Reconstruction South. ANS: D REF: p. 491 81. Match each politician below with the Republican political faction with which he was associated. A. Roscoe Conkling 1. "Half-Breeds" B. James Blaine 2. Stalwarts C. Horace Greeley 3. Regular Republicans D. Ulysses Grant 4. Liberal Republicans a. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 b. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 c. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 d. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 e. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 ANS: D REF: p. 491 | p. 494 82. A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was a. the issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks. b. the expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear. c. a credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates. d. Wall Street's fears about the power of the radical Greenback Labor party. e. excessive speculation in mining stocks. ANS: B REF: p. 491 83. As a solution to the depression that followed the panic of 1873, debtors strongly advocated a. a return to gold as the only form of American money. b. establishment of a federally regulated system of savings and loan banks. c. the appointment of farmers and workers to the Treasury Department. d. rapid growth in federal expenditures on public works. e. inflation through issuance of far more greenback paper currency. ANS: E REF: p. 491 84. Black Americans were hard hit by the gloom times of the depression years of the mid 1870s because a. many had put their money in the Freedman's Savings and Trust, only to see it vanish due to bad investments. b. companies tended to fire them first and hold on to white workers. c. mobs of unemployed workers took out their frustrations through violence against blacks. d. they lost what little land they owned to speculation schemes. e. None of these ANS: A REF: p. 491 85. One result of Republican hard money policies in the mid-1870s was a. the rise of the American dollar against foreign currencies. b. damage to the country's credit rating. c. the return to the silver "Dollar of Our Daddies" as the dominant form of U.S. money. d. the defeat of a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874. e. a political turn to the Democrats and new Greenback Labor party. ANS: E REF: p. 492 86. Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were usually a. reformers. b. incorruptible. c. party loyalists. d. political independents. e. wealthy and well educated. ANS: C REF: p. 492 87. During the Gilded Age, the Democrats and the Republicans a. had few significant policy differences. b. agreed on currency policy but not the tariff. c. disagreed primarily over the power of the federal government. d. held similar views on all economic issues except for civil-service reform. e. were divided over silver vs. gold currency. ANS: A REF: p. 492-493 88. The presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s a. were all won by Republicans. b. revolved primarily around the charismatic personalities running for the presidency. c. were rarely close. d. usually involved sharp partisan differences over issues like currency policy and civil-service reform. e. aroused enormous turnouts among voters even though there were few significant issues. ANS: E REF: p. 493 89. In religious and cultural terms, the Republicans appealed especially to groups that derived their views from the a. less orthodox traditions of Unitarianism and Quakerism. b. Catholic and Lutheran traditions of creed, liturgy, and understanding of human weakness. c. Baptist tradition that feared government intrusion on personal and religious freedom. d. scientific tradition that saw religion as a fading force in American society. e. Puritan tradition of strict moral codes and government regulation of morality and society. ANS: E REF: p. 493 90. Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like a. imperialism and foreign missions. b. prohibition and education. c. race relations and racial justice in the South. d. sexual morality and women's rights. e. the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency. ANS: B REF: p. 493 91. One reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the Gilded Age was a. the parties' differences over economic issues. b. sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties. c. religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans. d. differences over the issue of the civil service. e. sectional tensions among the Northeast, Midwest, and South. ANS: B REF: p. 493 92. During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was a. the Grand Army of the Republic. b. the Roman Catholic Church. c. ideological commitment. d. big-city political machines. e. political patronage. ANS: E REF: p. 493 93. The political base of the Democratic party in the late nineteenth century lay especially in a. the small towns of the Northeast and the South. b. big business and those involved in international trade. c. Midwestern farmers. d. the white South and big-city immigrant machines. e. northern blacks and Asian immigrants. ANS: D REF: p. 493 94. Which of the following was not among the groups that formed the solid political base of the Republican party in the late nineteenth century? a. Northern big cities b. Union Civil War veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic c. Southern black freedmen d. The Midwest e. The rural and small-town Northeast ANS: A REF: p. 493 95. The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on a. who would be Speaker of the House. b. the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. c. Samuel Tilden's association with corrupt politicians. d. President Grant's campaign for a third term. e. failure to use the secret Australian ballot in some places. ANS: B REF: p. 494 96. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in a. a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South. b. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South. c. the election of a Democrat to the presidency. d. Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy. e. a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad. ANS: B REF: p. 495 97. The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was a. Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield. b. Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland. c. Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland. d. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland. e. Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland. ANS: D REF: p. 509 98. All of the following are true statements about the Civil Rights Act of 1875 except a. it marked a last gasp of the congressional radical Republicans. b. it was supposed to guarantee equal rights in voting and access to education for blacks and whites. c. its purpose was to ensure equal accommodations in public places. d. it prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. e. much of its content was deemed unconstitutional in the Civil Rights cases of 1883. ANS: B REF: p. 495 99. In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that a. African Americans could be denied the right to vote. b. segregation was unconstitutional. c. "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. d. the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African Americans. e. literacy tests for voting were constitutional. ANS: C REF: p. 496 100. At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using a. literacy requirements. b. poll taxes. c. economic intimidation. d. lynching e. All of these ANS: E REF: p. 496 101. Blacks who violated the Jim Crow laws or other elements of the South's racial code were often subject to a. prosecution in federal courts. b. ostracizing by their own community. c. criticism from both white and black churches. d. losing their case in the Supreme Court. e. lynching. ANS: E REF: p. 496 102. The legal codes that established the system of segregation were a. found only in the North. b. called Jim Crow laws. c. overturned by Plessy v. Ferguson. d. undermined by the crop lien system. e. passed during Reconstruction. ANS: B REF: p. 496 103. Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were a. retaliation for violent crimes against whites. b. designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status. c. done to scare blacks into moving out of the South. d. a way to force blacks back into slave-like labor. e. All of these ANS: B REF: p. 496 104. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the relationship between blacks and sharecropping in the years after Reconstruction? a. As sharecroppers, blacks found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors. b. Some merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them. c. Black sharecroppers often lived in conditions scarcely better than when they were slaves. d. White southerners did not work as sharecroppers. e. Sharecroppers barely scraped by economically. ANS: D REF: p. 496 105. The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes began with a. a national movement for civil service reform. b. increased overseas expansion. c. sharp class conflict and a national railroad strike. d. public demands for positive immigration reform. e. improved race relations in the South and the West. ANS: C REF: p. 497-498 106. The national railroad strike of 1877 started when a. President Hayes refused to use troops to keep the trains running. b. the four largest railroads cut salaries by 10 percent. c. working hours were cut back by the railroad companies. d. the railroad workers refused to cross the picket lines of cargo loaders. e. the railroads tried to hire Chinese workers. ANS: B REF: p. 497 107. The fundamental attitude of Hayes and other Republican administrations toward labor agitation was a. strong support for the railroads and other business in their efforts to crush labor organizing. b. attempts to establish the federal government as a neutral arbiter between business and labor. c. support for expanded immigration from China and Latin America. d. to support reasonable regulation of business. e. to try to enlist farmers as a political counterbalance to industrial laborers. ANS: A REF: p. 497 108. Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from a. agitation by Communist sympathizers. b. the establishment of the Socialist party. c. the collapse of the steel industry. d. competition among rival unions. e. years of depression and deflation that undermined workers' living standards. ANS: E REF: p. 497 109. In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress a. negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China. b. did nothing, as it was California's problem. c. banned the Kearneyites in San Francisco. d. sent many Chinese back to their homeland. e. passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America. ANS: E REF: p. 498 110. Which of the following internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to the United States? a. The disintegration of the Chinese Empire b. The seizure of farmland by landlords c. The intrusion of European powers d. Internal political turmoil e. All of these ANS: E REF: p. 500 111. One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was to a. dig for gold. b. work on the East Coast. c. replace the newly freed slaves in the South. d. buy their own farms. e. All of these ANS: A REF: p. 498 | p. 500 112. The absence of children in largely all-male Chinese immigrant communities meant that a. the economic benefits of child labor were largely absent. b. the cultural and language assimilation fostered by children were harder to attain. c. many Chinese organizations sought to bring in adopted children from China. d. white social work agencies were slower to become involved with Chinese communities. e. education was seldom a priority in Chinese communities. ANS: B REF: p. 500 113. During the mid to late nineteenth century, Chinese women a. did not emigrate to the United States at all. b. settled mostly on the east coast, c. were a large percentage of the immigrants to the U.S. d. were few in number, and most became prostitutes. e. competed with Irish women for jobs in domestic service. ANS: D REF: p. 500 114. The Chinese word tong means a. criminal organization. b. meeting hall. c. labor union. d. family. e. cooking utensil. ANS: B REF: p. 500 115. President James A. Garfield was assassinated a. by an ex-Confederate bitter at Garfield's Union army service. b. because he was a Stalwart Republican. c. by a jealous former lover. d. by a deranged, disappointed office seeker. e. by a political anarchist. ANS: D REF: p. 499 116. The Pendleton Act required people applying for many federal government jobs to a. take a competitive examination. b. present a written recommendation from a congressman or senator. c. agree to make financial contributions to their political party. d. submit a resume listing their experience and providing references. e. have a college degree. ANS: A REF: p. 499 117. With the Pendleton Act prohibiting political contributions from many federal workers, politicians increasingly sought money from a. new immigrants. b. contractors doing business with the federal government. c. factory workers and farmers. d. foreign contributors. e. big corporations. ANS: E REF: p. 499 118. The 1884 election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was noted for a. its emphasis on issues. b. low voter turnout. c. its viciously personal attacks between the two candidates. d. a landslide victory for the reform-minded Republicans. e. its virtual tie in the electoral college. ANS: C REF: p. 502 119. Which one of the following Gilded Age presidents had a different party affiliation from the other four? a. Ulysses S. Grant b. Rutherford Hayes c. Grover Cleveland d. Benjamin Harrison e. Chester Arthur ANS: C REF: p. 503 120. When he was president, Grover Cleveland's strong belief in a laissez-faire approach to government gained the support of a. former Confederates in the South. b. veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic. c. farmers. d. workers. e. businesspeople. ANS: E REF: p. 503 121. Grover Cleveland stirred political opposition by a. supporting free and unlimited coinage of silver. b. advocating federal aid to farmers. c. vetoing many veterans' pension bills. d. spending the federal budget surplus on public works. e. bringing his mistress and illegitimate child to live in the White House. ANS: C REF: p. 503-504 122. The major campaign issue of the 1888 presidential election was a. civil-service reform. b. the big trust question. c. the currency question. d. foreign policy. e. tariff policy. ANS: E REF: p. 504 123. Grover Cleveland proposed to address the problem of the large federal budget surplus by a. spending on roads, dams, and other public works. b. providing higher pensions for all Civil War veterans both North and South. c. cutting federal income taxes. d. lowering the tariff. e. distributing the surplus to the states. ANS: D REF: p. 504 124. Benjamin Harrison's victory over Grover Cleveland in the election of 1888 was unusual in that a. it was an overwhelming landslide for Harrison. b. Indiana and Ohio were not key states in determining the election outcome. c. the Republican party raised less money than the Democrats. d. there was almost none of the usual voter fraud and corruption. e. Harrison lost the popular vote to Cleveland but won in the electoral college. ANS: E REF: p. 504 125. The Billion-Dollar Congress quickly disposed of rising government surpluses by a. providing subsidies to wheat, corn, and cotton farmers. b. building an expensive new steel navy. c. expanding pensions for Civil War veterans. d. cutting tariffs and other taxes. e. increasing spending on railroads and other transportation projects. ANS: C REF: p. 505 126. The tariff bill, sponsored by the talented Congressman William McKinley of Ohio, provided for a. higher tariffs on agricultural imports and lower tariffs for imported farm machinery. b. higher tariffs on raw materials than on finished goods. c. sky-high tariff rates that stirred rural discontent. d. reciprocal free trade agreements between the United States and Latin American countries. e. lower tariffs on goods from other democratic countries. ANS: C REF: p. 505 127. Which of the following was not among the platform planks adopted by the Populist party in their convention of 1892? a. Government ownership of the railroads, telephone, and telegraph b. Free and unlimited coinage of silver in the ratio of 16 to 1 c. A one-term limit on the presidency d. Government guarantees of parity prices for farmers e. Immigration restrictions ANS: D REF: p. 505 128. An epidemic of violent strikes and labor conflict in 1892 led to the prospect of a. a switch of urban workers from the Democratic to the Republican party. b. Populist support for immigration restrictions. c. Populist support for a revolutionary overthrow of reactionary state governments. d. the Populists adding industrial workers to their base of support among farmers. e. Grover Cleveland's switch to a pro-labor and pro-farmer campaign platform. ANS: D REF: p. 506 129. The four states completely carried by the Populists in the election of 1892 were a. Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. b. Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. c. Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Kansas. d. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont. e. Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada. ANS: E REF: p. 506 130. The conservative white Bourbon Democrats of the South largely succeeded in crushing the Populist revolt by a. demonstrating that Populist economic policies would harm Southern cotton interests. b. charging that the Populist were de facto allies of the hated Republicans. c. bribing the Populist leadership to betray the rank and file. d. persuading black farmers that the Populists really did not have their interests at heart. e. appealing to poor white farmers' antiblack racial feelings against their economic interests. ANS: E REF: p. 507 131. The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in a. a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South. b. the transformation of Tom Watson into a fervent civil rights leader. c. an alignment of wealthy Bourbon whites with moderate blacks. d. the breakdown of segregation in areas outside southern cities. e. the emergence of Republican political power in the South. ANS: A REF: p. 506-507 132. The political developments of the l890s were largely shaped by a. the widespread prosperity and federal budget surpluses. b. America's growing involvement in overseas conflicts. c. the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time. d. the growing black rebellion against segregation and racial oppression. e. the deadlock among Republicans, Democrats, and Populists in Congress. ANS: C REF: p. 508 133. Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader a. Tom Watson. b. William Jennings Bryan. c. William McKinley. d. J. Pierpont Morgan. e. Adlai E. Stevenson. ANS: B REF: p. 509 134. President Cleveland's hostility to silver and silver-backed currency was driven primarily by his fear that a. the growing drain of gold from the U.S. Treasury would force the United States off the gold standard. b. the unlimited supplies of silver within the United States would create runaway inflation. c. supporting silver would play into the hands of radical Democrats like William Jennings Bryan. d. soon gold and silver would both be replaced by strictly paper currency. e. the U.S. Treasury did not have sufficient capacity to store silver bullion at Fort Knox. ANS: A REF: p. 509 135. President Grover Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of a. vetoing the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. b. using federal troops to suppress Populist demonstrations. c. taking the United States off the gold standard. d. borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate. e. wasting the federal surplus on pork-barrel spending. ANS: D REF: p. 509 136. President Cleveland's response to the depression of the 1890s demonstrated that he a. was able to work effectively with J.P. Morgan to address the problems of unemployment. b. understood the problems of urban workers better than those of farmers. c. had a weak grasp of the economic theory that lay behind the demand for free silver. d. was unable to deal effectively with such a massive economic crisis. e. was able to skillfully incorporate some Populist proposals into the Democratic party. ANS: D REF: p. 509 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 137. The Liberal Republican movement favored a. an end to military Reconstruction in the South. b. civil-service reform. c. cheap money. d. Ulysses S. Grant for president. e. a two-term limit on the presidency. ANS: A, B REF: p. 491 138. In the Gilded Age, hard money policies were reflected in a. the Resumption Act of 1875. b. the "Crime of '73." c. contraction. d. the position of the Greenback Labor party. e. agitation for silver currency. ANS: A, B, C REF: p. 492-493 139. In the late nineteenth century, the Republican party was associated with the cultural values of a. religions derived from the Puritan tradition. b. strict codes of personal morality. c. toleration of differences. d. government involvement in moral and economic affairs. e. belief in a common set of American moral values. ANS: A, B, D, E REF: p. 492-493 140. In late-nineteenth century elections, Democrats could generally count on the support of a. the white South. b. northern industrial cities. c. immigrant groups. d. the Midwest. e. Catholics and Lutherans. ANS: A, B, C, E REF: p. 493-494 ESSAY 141. Compare and contrast the Democratic and Republican parties of the late 1800s in terms of their leadership, their position on issues, and the constituencies to whom they appealed. ANS: Student answers will vary. 142. Why did late-nineteenth-century presidential elections tend to focus on the personalities of the candidates rather than on real issues? ANS: Student answers will vary. 143. Was the Compromise of 1877 a necessary attempt to avoid a possible renewal of Civil War or a cynical, self-interested political bargain whose real victim were abandoned African Americans? ANS: Student answers will vary. 144. Why was there such a notable lowering of ethical standards in American politics and business following the high idealism of the Civil War? ANS: Student answers will vary. 145. The railroad strike of 1877 was the first major national labor union work stoppage. What did the strike, and President Hayes' response, reveal about the new American industrial economy? ANS: Student answers will vary. 146. Why did Chinese immigrants arouse such fierce hostility in the West in the 1880s? Was white discrimination and violence motivated primarily by racial feeling or by fear of Chinese labor competition? ANS: Student answers will vary. 147. List what appears to you to have been the requirements for election to high political office in the 1870s and 1880s. ANS: Student answers will vary. 148. For one of only a few times in its history, the treasury showed a surplus in the 1880s. Why was this a problem? ANS: Student answers will vary. 149. American politics in the late nineteenth century has been referred to as the "politics of equilibrium." Why? List some consequences of this equilibrium in the party system. ANS: Student answers will vary. 150. The presidents of the late nineteenth century have been referred to as merely "custodial"?that is, nonassertive. Is this true? If so, why? ANS: Student answers will vary. 151. Who do you think was the best president in the Gilded Age? Why? ANS: Student answers will vary. 152. Which of the following do you think was the most important issue of the late nineteenth century: the "bloody shirt," tariffs, civil-service reform, or currency? Why? ANS: Student answers will vary. 153. Why did white Populist leaders like Thomas Watson, who attempted to forge biracial coalitions, often turn viciously racist when those coalitions failed? ANS: Student answers will vary. 154. Explain the seeming paradox that at a time when successful presidential candidates were usually bland and forgettable, public enthusiasm for election campaigning was at an all-time high. ANS: Student answers will vary. 155. One historian claims that in the Gilded Age, "Democrats were separated from Republicans more by accident of national origin, geography, history, and emotion than by economic issues." Elaborate. ANS: Student answers will vary. 156. How did racial issues?including Chinese immigration?affect economic and political developments of the Gilded Age? ANS: Student answers will vary. 157. What explains the rise of the Populist party in the 1890s? Were the Populists reflecting only farmers' discontent, or did they express a deeper disaffection with the weaknesses of the two-party system? ANS: Student answers will vary. 158. Was Grover Cleveland's gold deal with J.P. Morgan justified? Why or why not? ANS: Student answers will vary. 159. What were the causes and effects of the depression of the 1890s? ANS: Student answers will vary. 160. How could the Populists have broadened their platform to appeal to both black farmers and the white industrial working class? ANS: Student answers will vary. 161. Why did the Populists' initial movement for a biracial coalition fail? Was it inevitable that black voting would be eliminated in the South? ANS: Student answers will vary.