East Asian Cultures.docx

East Asian Cultures Pronunciation C = Tz/Ts Q = Ch X = Hs/Sy Z = Dz/Ds Zh = J The Four Autonomous States These states are under Chinese protection 1) Manchuria (Dongbei) 1 2) Inner Mongolia Mongolia gained independence from USSR in 1985 3) Xinjiang Large Muslim influence 4) Tibet Under Chinese control during Yuan Dynasty and Manchu/Qing Dynasty until 1911 Dharm-Sala is a refuge area in India 1950s: PR CHN invaded Tibet Other controversial territories include Taiwan, HK (returned in 1997 by UK), Macau (returned 1999 by POR), Islands in East China Sea Rest of China forms Han China Chinese living outside China are known as Tang Chinese PLUS: Chinese population is 1.3b. Japan’s is 130mil. Japan’s expansion during the 1900s and lack of apology has complicated East Asian attitudes towards Japan. Xia Dynasty No historical evidence (mythical dynasty) “Golden Age” (everything was ideal) Prominent Figures Founded by Yu (brought civilization, irrigation, tamed Yellow R., govt.) Yellow R. aka China’s sorrows b/c river changes course unexpectedly Yao gave throne to the most worthy, Shun, not his son Li Li: a philosophical concept based on matter and etiquette After Shang, philosophers tried to return to Li Shang Dynasty Shang: 1766-1122 BC Regarded as the first historical dynasty (no written records of the Xia, which Shang succeeded) Succeeded by Zhou (1045/1040-256 BC) and Han (206BC-220AD) Intro Over 150,000 oracle bones Highly stratified society Sophisticated bronze industry Oracle Bone Inscriptions 21st king, Wu Ding, divined about many different topics Many were about what the king should do; others told of his plans (seeking assurance) Also searched for hidden meanings of events that had already happened Religion – Emperor King & supporters extracted agricultural surplus; mobilized peasants for public works & warfare Crown passed from brother to brother, then next generation; later, became direct father to son Only emperor can reach heaven (acts as an intermediary) Emperor often labeled son of heaven; not actually divine but heaven gives right to rule Emperor gives offering once a year @ CNY result is either “yes” or “no” (crop yield) If yield was bad revolt successful (land redistributed), suppressed (heaven still with him) Offerings involved lots of blood (animals & human captives) 2 type of spirits: Shen (good) & Guei (bad) Religion – Ancestors The living king feared and respected the power of his dead descendants Ancestresses had special judgment in child-bearing issues Believed in many gods; constantly growing Male Favoritism Boys carry family name Boys needed to keep ancestors happy Agricultural society Boys needed for labor The High God (Di) Di = High God Other powers: nature, former lords, dynastic and non-dynastic ancestors Other powers could also affect harvest, weather, king’s health, etc. but Di exclusively ordered rain, thunder, and wind Di’s allegiance was uncertain; he could afflict harm through foreign armies Ancestral Cult Approachable and comprehensible (because they were ex-humans) Over time, rituals became more regular and fixed Mandate of Heaven No later than early Zhou: the idea of Heaven (power that governed all creation) arose. Argument used by Zhou when taking over Shang: Heaven gave leadership to certain good men who maintained religious/administrative rightness. This Mandate of Heaven has been accepted since. There was a strong hierarchical structure, which highly regarded religion and kin. The dead was respected and feared as the Shang people believed they had the power to harm the king personally and influence both the weather and harvest. There was and still is a large belief of male favoritism. Western Zhou Period Zhou Dynasty: 1122-221 BCE Western Zhou: 1122-771 BCE Set up on the Wei R. (NE of Shang) Had already been in contact with the Shang Overthrow of Shang King Wen prepared attack; King Wu overthrew the Shang Explained using Mandate of Heaven last ruler of Shang, Zhou Xin, portrayed very negatively To control this vast territory, Zhou kings assigned relatives to rule (known as “feudal age”) 7 major divisions states kingdoms Shang was allowed to keep a small portion of land for sacrifices (Zhou didn’t want to upset Shang ancestors) Decline of Western Zhou First 300 years: relatively similar culture and society (houses, bronze, etc.) In Zhou, writing was more prevalent and done on bamboo or wood The limited power of the central govt. declined further by 850 BCE king driven out in 841 BCE Eastern Zhou Period West to East 771 BCE: Zhou suffer big defeat against tribal Quan Rong Capital moved eastward Apparently, the Zhou army didn’t take the king’s alarm seriously b/c the king had previously used the alarm to bring all the army together and make his concubine smile Allegiance of various states to the Zhou became nominal Kings (but not emperors) began to spring up 7-10 major powers fight each other End of Zhou 722-479 BCE: Spring-Autumn (Chunqiu) Period “hundred schools”: philosophers tried to bring China back together wandering scholars 403-221 BCE: Warring States (Qin Dynasty begins; Zhou already faltering) The Zhou is the longest dynasty in Chinese history, and the conditions at the beginning and end are vastly different. Confucius 551-479 BCE Born in Lu (eastern China) Kong Qiu Kong Fuzi (our master kong) Confucius Ru = Confucianism (soft, gentle, enduring, weak … followers were identified as ru) Travelled across many states, looking for someone who shared his vision (ru) Eventually failed became a teacher (after his death, his ideas survived) Confucius’s ideas were too abstract for politicians to use Mencius (later) was more practical Moral Nobility (junzi) “gentleman” or “son of a lord” Implies egalitarian principles (anyone could become a junzi) Filial devotion, humaneness, ritual decorum (also Confucius’s govt. views) Li: Rule by virtue (not harsh punishment) Think long term and big, instead of looking for small advantages Everyone qualifies for an education (no class distinctions) Heaven has a place for everyone, and sacrifice as if they were present Ruler should treat the people as he wants to be treated 5 Relationships Confucius stressed Li and Reciprocity 1) Ruler/Subject 2) Old/Young 3) Father/Son (filial) 4) Brothers 5) Husband/Wife Women: Respect father marry Respect husband Husband dies Respect son 5 Classics Was written before Confucius, but Confucius compiled them 1) Book of Rites 2) Book of Poetry (those who studied the first two books were superior men) 3) Book of History (past) 4) Spring/Autumn Annals (current) 5) Book of Changes (future) Mencius 4th Century BCE (more than a century after Confucius) Warring States Period: larger states began swallowing smaller states; warfare more brutal Beliefs Was against war (war interferes with basic human needs (food, clothing, shelter, education)) Criticized rulers for war Humaneness + Rightness (yi) (drew on ideas of Confucius and Xia) Mandate of Heaven = powerful heaven oversees an overarching moral order Morality Qi: Energy or vitality directly related to moral effort Four beginnings: Humaneness, Rightness, Propriety, and Wisdom = natural human tendencies Many discounted his optimism, but emerged as most influential contributor in China and E.Asia. New Ideas Man is inherently good Conservation of resources Renunciation & overthrow of kings CONFUCIUS MENCIUS Idealistic & General Practical & Detailed Talked to disciples Talked to rulers Lived in spring/autumn period Lived in warring states period (more desperate) Individual bears responsibility “archer misses mark, only himself to blame” Rulers bear responsibility “right to rebel” Both lost father at an early age Mozi Lived between Confucius and Mencius Possibly from class of slaves ? Not surprising that his following was small Beliefs Universal Love & Utilitarianism (practical) ? love to PROFIT from each other (conditional) Promote the worthy (merit) Firm belief in heaven - heaven created us equally ? heaven will revenge is smth wrong is done Against Confucian rites - waste of time and money ? use them to better the people (practical) Relationships - partial/inconsistent Xunzi Lived end of Zhou + Qin unification Later becomes basis for legalism (strict laws & harsh punishment) Beliefs Man is born good, but becomes self-centered (greed comes from conscious activity) Li: what you learn to control evil nature Accepts Confucian relationships Heaven plays no part in life (deism) - heaven only sets world in motion (seasons, eclipse, etc.) Anyone can become a leader EXCEPT the fundamentally evil (cast them away instantly) Daoism Laozi Legend: came from falling star + 80yrs in mother’s womb born w/ wrinkles, white hair, etc. Contemporary of Confucius or Mencius (unsure) Many say he didn’t exist at all (Laozi = a group of scholars writing under the same name) Daodejing Short esoteric book by Laozi Can be loosely interpreted 2nd most translated book (after Bible) Everything should happen naturally yin-yang complementary cycle live in harmony through non-action Gov’t should get rid of education and then stay out of people’s life (nature is an uncarved wood) Zhuangzi First Chinese philosopher to consider an after-life Eventually we all die just accept it maybe death is the ultimate awakening (examples: Lady Li & Butterfly Dream) (life vs. death, dream vs. reality) Religious Daoism Laozi and Zhuangzi are philosophical Daoists (bring peace, preserve life) Later, Religious Daoists concerned themselves with spirits & elixirs of eternal life Qin Dynasty 221-207 BCE Was one of seven major states under Zhou, but not the largest (strongest militarily) Founded by Qin Shihuangdi Legalism (or Realism) not philosophy but actual laws *see paper notes for page numbers Priorities of State Maintain control at all costs* State comes before individual* Union of 7 States Rid feudalism and centralized govt. Disarmament of the conquered Laws & Education Education is bad (weak people = strong state) Scholars do nothing but soak up taxes Burning books & execution of scholars (except Classic of Changes, medicine, agriculture, etc.) “Began” the Great Wall (connected individual state walls together) Punishment No degree of punishment (punish heavily for light offense large ones won’t be dared) 3 generations of punishment Status doesn’t matter Art of War Way of deception (dao) Knowledge & strategy (orthodox vs. extraordinary) Better to win w/o battle Early Han Dynasty 207 BCE – 220 ACE Gaozu: First emperor (used to be lieutenant of Zhou) Foundation to take over was largely in place (unified, standard measurement, roads, etc.) Restoration of Religions Confucianism was made state orthodoxy (ended Legalism) Recompiled 5 classics through hidden existing texts or oral transmission Religious Daoism flourishes as Daoism is also reconstructed Historical Archives Han is mainly known for its historical archives 147-87 BCE: Han Wudi (emperor) 145-85 BCE: Sima Qian (great historian; travelled throughout China) Civil Service Exam (CSE) Established CSE based on 5 classics Gave illusion that anyone could serve (although only rich know how to read and write) Expansion Expanded China near to modern borders Sent Zhong Qian from Changan (Xian) to Yuezhi to ally against Xiongnu Captured for 10 years Escaped Took back historical/geographical/cultural data back Silk Road Generals were sent to acquire horses in exchange for silk These tribes traded the silk for other goods Resulted in roads leading from Rome to China China knew more about Rome (Rome thought China was near Ethiopia) Religion, commodities, and philosophies exchanged Northwestern China Expanded NW parts incorporated into China Those not incorporated were appeased through trade upset the incorporated areas Later Han Dynasty 23-220 ACE Capital moved East to Luoyang Culture Scientific inventions (water clock, steel, firecrackers/gunpowder, paper, etc.) Cultural prosperity (poetry, silk paintings, etc.) Rebellions Expeditions, history, inventions, etc. drained treasury taxes discontent Yellow Turban (184 ACE): most powerful & last rebellion; used yellow banners and red text Falun Gung: claimed to be religious group; severely persecuted; used same colors Theravada Buddhism Teachings of elders Original teaching of Buddha Labeled as Hinayana (lesser) by the Mahayana Buddhists Prince Siddhartha Gautama Prophecy: He will become a great ruler … BUT … If he sees an old man, sick man, dying man, or a monk become a religious leader As teenager, goes out and sees old/sick/dying/monk Never returns to palace Joins ascetic group becomes extremely ascetic (torture body to release soul) Doesn’t work Pursues middle way through meditation Four Noble Truths Life is suffering Suffering is caused by desires Stop desires, stop suffering Stop desires through middle way Eightfold Path Right view Intention Speech Action Livelihood Effect Mindfulness Meditation Five Universal Elements Form & Matter Sensation Perception of mind (maya: idea that everything is an illusion) Inner Psychic Disposition Consciousness Samsara Karma leads to birth, death, and rebirth OR nirvana/enlightenment (become Buddha) Mahayana Buddhism “Great” way Believed Buddha was God God Heavens Bodhisattvas Bodhisattvas Enlightened compassionate beings who postpone nirvana to teach others (eg: Dalai Lama) Missionary trips to CHN, JPN, KOR, West Buddhism introduced to China in 50 AD Recap of Dynasties Xia Shang Zhou (Western Eastern (Spring/Autumn Warring)) Qin: 221-207 BCE Han: 207 BCE - 220 ACE THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD (disunion) Sui: 589-618 ACE Tang: 618-906 ACE Sui Dynasty Harsh rule United kingdoms Expanded Great Wall Grand Canal (connected Yangzi to Yellow R.) Recap: Note the similarities of Qin/Sui and Han/Tang. Tang Dynasty Early Tang (618-712 ACE) Characterized by Expansion, Silk Road, Military Expansion, C.S.E. Four Social Classes: Literati, Peasants (tied to land), Artisans, Merchants (middle man; not loyal) Taxes supported the literati Because literati was so valued, the military was neglected Generals came from the West Eventually led to rebellion which weakened Tang (eg: An Lu Shan) Xuanzong (712-755 ACE) Tang known for poetry; Xuanzong promoted poetry (Li Bo, Tu Fu, Bo Juyi were prominent) Loved Yang Guifei (one of the most beautiful woman in Chinese history) Han Yu Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism was sectarian: Tibetan (Tantric) Pure Land (pray to Amitabha; its simplicity appealed to illiterate class) Tiantai (Lotus) (referred to parables; appealed to literate class) Government Economic Loss Literati turned to religion for creativity People donated land to temples Gov’t losing land tax revenue Han Yu tried to get people back to Confucianism (with a strong tax reasoning undertone) Neo-Confucianism Eventually leads to Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty Mixes Han Yu’s return to Confucianism with a way to fill spiritual void Midterm Format: 10 True or False, 5 Fill-in-the-blanks, Short answers, Essay Midterm Essay Question: Imagine you are the emperor of a powerful state during the Warring States period looking for a way to bring peace & harmony to your kingdom. Choose from Mencius, Laozi, or real life state of Qin and state detailed specifics why you feel this philosophy of government would work. Feel free to combine philosophies to create a better balance, but do not combine more than two. Neo-Confucianism Zhu Xi 1130-1200 ACE Developed ideas from Cheng Brothers, Zhou Dunyi Cheng Brothers thought people had lost sight of Li (perfect order/nature) This Li was re-found in the Great Learning (a Confucian text) Great Learning was similar to Buddhism Buddhism included in Confucianism Supreme Polarity The idea of a Tai Qi (supreme polarity) Yin & Yang (which cause movement and give rise to…) 5 Elements: fire, water, earth, wood, metal Qian & Kun (Heaven/Ideal/Male/Li vs. Earth/Practical/Female/Qi) Belief was that no one was perfect, but everyone could reach Li Live life and learn to match the ideal Different from Buddhism (maya: nothing is real) 8 Steps in Self-Cultivation Manifest Virtue Put in order their states Regulate their families Cultivate own persons Rectify mind & hearts Make intentions sincere Extend knowing Investigate things & affairs Four Books Analects, Mencius, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean (like the “middle way”) 4 Books + 5 Classics basis for new Civil Service Exams Recap: Neo-Confucianism is Confucianism mixed in with a little bit of Buddhism, thereby satisfying the religious aspect. Yuan Dynasty Tang: 618-906 Song: 960-1279 Yuan: 1279-1368 Foreign Dynasty First foreign Chinese dynasty – Mongolian (Kublai Khan) No Civil Service Exam during this time Different art developed (storytelling) Silk Road expands with cobalt blue import (friendly foreign contact) Expanded Great Wall Built Beijing Ming Dynasty Ming: 1368-1644 Made use of cobalt blue Completed Great Wall Zheng He Great expeditionary; sea trade to Africa Was stopped by new conservative emperor (Confucius: sons should not venture far from home) Qing Dynasty Qing: 1644-1911 Foreign Dynasty – Mongolian Europe advanced through Industrial Revolution British East India Company Monopolized trade in India Early 1600s: Limited trade begins with China China not interested in trade (for thousands of years, they were self-sufficient) tea export to Britain drains silver Begins selling opium to China (by 1700s, addiction becomes serious) Opium Trade 1839: Lin Zexu – 2 letters written to Queen Victoria (why push on China what’s not allowed in Britain?) Never heard back (possibly never reached her) First Opium War 20,000 crates dumped WAR 1842: Treaty of Nanjing – UK take HK perpetually, 5 ports opened, Indemnities, opium continues Second Opium War 1856-60 (aka Anglo-French War) Treaty of Tianjin – spheres of influence, live under their law Unequal Treaties 1883-85: Sino-French War (Vietnam) 1898: Britain grabs “New Territories” adjacent to Kowloon for 99 years (returned 1997 with HK) 1900: US Open Door Policy Japanese Invasion Japanese-Western trade was different (arms were traded) Korea: Stuck in between Classic China and Progressive Japan Japan sends 8000 to Korea China objects 1894-95: Sino-Japanese War 1895: Shimonoseki – Korea independent (annexed by JP in 1910), given Taiwan and Diaoyu Islands, given Liaodong but dropped on UK pressure 1931: Japan annexes Manchuria Domestic Rebellions 1850 – Taiping Rebellion (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace) Thought he was brother of Jesus Gained large following Went downhill after Yellow River flooding 1900 – Boxer Rebellion (thought they could repel Western bullets) Empress Dowager Cizi Said China had problems not b/c of foreign dynasty but westerners/Japanese Boxers: Anti-Imperial Anti-Foreign RUS, FRA, GER, GBR form coalition (but 1/3 were actually Japanese) Rebellion was suppressed and heavy indemnities imposed Collapse 1898: Hundred Days Reform (fails b/c Christianity offers more) 1905: Civil Service Exam abolished 1911: Dynasty ends One positive effect was overseas scholarship opportunities, which gave rise to men like Sun Yat Sen and foreshadowed the overthrow of Confucianism. Sun Yat Sen Oct 10, 1911: Qing overthrown (long hair Queus were cut) Rep. of China established, Sun becomes president, KMT formed Three People’s Principles: “Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood” KMT Figures Sun Yat Sen (married to Song Qingling) Chiang Kai Shek (married to Song Mailing) CCP Figures Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai Zhu De Otto Brown (Li Der) (comintern from Germany) May Fourth Movement 1919: Mass student protest of 21 Demands and Treaty of Versailles Northern Expedition China sides with USSR (others wanted to divide China) CCP becomes a part of KMT Sun Yat Sen dies of cancer Chiang Kai Shek leads a successful Northern Expedition generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek In Shanghai, Chiang moved in on unsuspecting Communists Five Campaigns Mao grows Communist base; he believed in peasant revolt Red Army is formed with Zhu De Chiang attacks Communists four times loses to guerilla warfare On fifth attack, Communists (with Li Der) change to conventional tactics lost badly Long March 17 miles a day for over a year Chiang: Nationalists won because they were superior Mao: Communists lost because Otto Brown was wrong Zhou Enlai sides with Mao Mao becomes CCP leader; CHN loses USSR support Harsh conditions led to unquestionable loyalty to Mao World War II 1932: Japan attacks Manchuria United Front Chiang is kidnapped by right hand man released on condition that KMT/CCP would cooperate United Front is formed, but JP easily overpower CHN (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanking in 5 months) Chiang tried to stop JP by flooding Yellow R. led to many civilian losses + JP still advanced Chiang moves inland to buy time (Chongqing) Yanan Spirit Northern communist base Members were trained and sent to increase membership (moderate reform; didn’t attack rich) John Stilwell 1941: United Front ends, Pearl Harbor leads to US support of CHN Stilwell sent to CHN internal party corruption exposed (1.5m died of starvation) 1943: Madame Chiang appeals to US Congress $ sent to CHN (but much of it disappeared…) Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1945: Chiang becomes hero of CHN Chiang/Mao fight to take the surrender of JP Mediatory efforts fail CIVIL WAR Chinese Civil War CCP in the North CCP gave up Yenan, but real support lay north in Manchuria Poor attacks rich land redistributed Mao urged an end return to moderate reform peasant support salvaged KMT Retreat to Taiwan Inflation & Corruption problems KMT loses public support Chiang overextends in the North, Mao changes to major attack strategy Chiang retreats to Taiwan, taking much of the historic art and money US had no way of backing down (Cold War) Aid sent to Taiwan Oct 1, 1949: PR China founded Maoism Reforms Thought Reform to Maoism (little red book) Chinese characters simplified to make learning easier; literacy jumped Land Reform: landlords purged shared communes set up in Five Year Plan 1949-53 larger communes called collectives set up in Five Year Plan 1954-58) Men & Women both worked Productivity increased (at the cost of family life) Women worked older people took care of children & cooked Worked well, with enough food to go around Hundred Flowers (1957) Mao wanted to know what people thought (he thought people would respond positively) Complaints flooded in b/c of lack of family life Mao quickly put a halt and moved on Great Leap Forward (1958) Food: collectives continued Industry: infrastructure rebuilt (JP bombings had destroyed them) Goal: Pass Britain in steel production in 15 years “backyard furnaces” – melt metal to create steel “steel” did not hold up went to waste AKA Great Fall Backwards Cadres falsified reports more tax collected peasants starved (20m deaths) Mao realizes there is corruption + an elite class is forming Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Sought to eliminate elite class (no one should sit back and relax when people are working) Eliminated those who thought they were better “What’s wrong with Chinese stuff?” People with Western influence became targets Deng Xiaoping 1976: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De all pass away Deng had been purged in the Cultural Revolution as a capitalist Economic Reform (1978-) 1979: Went to US with capitalist intentions to modernize China by 2000 “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is black (communist) or white (capitalist), as long as it catches mice (as long as it works).” Special Economic Zones (SEZ) – Deng’s experiment to see if capitalism would work Invited foreign industry to come in (Chinese labor is cheaper) Reporters praised modernization in Shenzhen (Brits in HK 150yrs, Deng in Shenzhen 17yrs) Domestic Reform Deng ends domestic communes (no incentive if land is shared… why should I work hard?) People were allowed to work for profit (capitalism) … BUT … It had to be a family business (could not hire someone from outside) (communism) Political Reform 1985: All new appointments in govt. must be 55 years old or younger Brain Drain Lots of intellects went to study abroad tasted democracy never came back Others returned with complaints of lack of freedom Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) Corruption: The ones who had power gave education to sons/daughters and passed it on Many students wanted democracy Hu Yaobang dismissed for being too lenient with students Hu became an instant hero for students April 17: Hu dies of heart attack Flowers in Tiananmen Square Govt. clears the flowers Students begin six week demonstration Movement spreads Last resort: eventually army called in b/c of disruption to govt. Recent survey divided: some support students, others (esp. in rural areas) thought the students demonstrated too long and were impatient (China was 50 years old and they were asking for too much too soon; they already had college education; etc.) Gold Mountain Pacific Railroad US was in Civil War to build through mountains, brought Chinese people over Very first Chinese immigrants (free immigration, mainly male) 1869: RR completed finding work became difficult (Chinese could not take whites’ jobs) 1849: Gold discovered in CA, but Chinese couldn’t take whites’ jobs Restaurants (Chinese takeout) Laundries (dirty work) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Strike in Boston Chinese take RR, work for lower wages Got “I will do anything” reputation 1882 Exclusion Act No new naturalizations No cross marriage (except with blacks) BUT… US law says a child qualifies for naturalization after 5 years in the US Those who were already citizens went back to China 9 months later: claimed he had a son, got a paper, then sold it others in China later 1943: Exclusion lifted (quota of 105 / year) 1964: Immigration Reform Act (20,000 people allowed) Chinese Women 1945: War Brides’ Act (wives/families could be brought, no questions asked) First Chinese communities formed 1920s: Garment industry began (Jews, Germans, etc.) 1950s: children moved to better jobs Chinese women filled vacancies (industry moved from FIT to Soho) Groceries & Sit-down restaurants began Unionization ILGWU unionized Jewish bosses began to retire Chinese bosses began to spring up 1982: “We’re all Chinese… don’t need union anymore” Jewish bosses prepared beforehand and hired musclemen 20,000 women walked out on jobs New contracts were signed Since then… Got away from union by moving to boroughs (new Chinatowns began there) Japan Background Oral Tradition: Kami (spirits) created Japan (that’s why land is so active) Izanagi & Izanami (husband & wife) created Japanese people Japanese are superior people 17% arable competition was high People lived in clans (uji) less philosophy & more war than China Amaterasu (sun god): Japanese emperors are divine (until WW2) Asuka Era 552-710 Prince Shotoku 572-622 (Soga uji) Declared there is only one ruler in Japan Reached out to China (Confucianism, Buddhism, Kana (writing)) Kami (spirits/life), Confucianism (moral code), and Buddhism (death) (before Shotoku, Buddhism had led to infighting due to a plague) “Kami no Michi” Chinese called in Shen Tou Shinto Fujiwara Eventually, the Nakatomi uji overthrew the Soga uji took the name Fujiwara Continued centralization Cap Rank system adopted from China (Tang) Taiko Reform (645): All land belongs to emperor, redistribution of land based on # of mouths to feed, religion/aristocrats exempt from tax (drafted by Shotoku) Census was supposed to redistribution every 10 years, but never really happened Taiko Code (702): The two things not taken from Chinese codes were the CSE (only aristocrats could take test) and Mandate of Heaven After 6 generations, royals were expelled from the palace and became commoners Nara Era 710-794 Established as a permanent capital Buddhism flourished Poetry History (Nihongi + Kojiki written in fear that oral tradition would be lost to Chinese influence) Heian Era 794-1185 Modern day Kyoto Early: Buddhism Fujiwara Period 858-1158 Classical Culture (Noh plays, Novels, Poetry, Buddhism) But it also brought peasant discontentment (they pay the taxes) Taira vs. Minamoto Two “warring families” which formed out of 7th generation that was cast out Yoritomo Minamoto becomes first shogunate Kamakura Era 1185-1336 (medieval) Samurai culture Emperor remained in Heian (imperial capital), but a separate bakufu (tent govt.) was formed Minamoto Yorimoto became first shogun Zen Buddhism became popular to take shelter from all the battles Practices Bushido: Way of the samurai Harikiri/Seppuku: Honorable suicide rather than go back in shame Buddhism Types: Pure Land, Nichiren (samurai-like), Zen Zen started in India, went to China, then Korea, then Japan in 1199 Combo of Shinto and Daoism Intuitive (meditative) rather than Rationalist (eightfold path) Sazen: sitting in meditation Koan: public case meant to show that rationality cannot explain enlightenment Satori: sudden flash of enlightenment (when we’re not thinking about it) Tea Ceremony: appreciate the ceremony and don’t think about anything Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368 Tried to invade Japan (1274/81) but failed and never attacked again (kami-kaze helped Japan) Wall built to protect & post guard in Kyushu cost a lot of money weakened Kamakura End to Kamakura 1318: Go Daigo (emperor) aligned with Ashikaga Taka uji 1336: Kamakura overthrown Ashikaga betrays emperor, names himself shogun Ashikaga Era 1336-1467 Political Takeover 1318: Go Daigo aligns with Taka uji in Ashikaga, plans Kemmu Restoration 1336: Takauji defeats Fujiwara, takes power for himself, overcomes Go Daigo & exiles him Go Daigo’s son (also exiled) became emperor Takauji chose another emperor of his own (1336-1392: two emperors in Japan) 1392: United Court under Takauji’s chosen emperor Trade 845: Tang destroyed Buddhist temples Trade stopped Resumed trade w/ China in Ashikaga New trade w/ Dutch & Europe (Christianity) Trade controlled by the landed lords (daimyo) Daimyo gained money Bought weapons The Ashikaga did defeat Fujiwara and establish a United Court, but war was commonplace with peasant and daimyo rebellions. On the other hand, the era was commercially very open. Tokugawa Era Warring States: 1467-1600 Tokugawa: 1600-1869 One of the daimyo, Tokugawa Ieyasu of Edo (Tokyo), gained control First era to be named after people, not place Nationalist & Isolationist Poetry (Haiku, Tanka) Tokugawa Era 1600-1867 aka Edo Era Tokugawa Ieyasu Unified Japan and had undisputable control Isolated Japan (culture flourished) Employed hostage system (greater daimyo’s families had to live in Edo) Arts (haiku, tanka, kabuki (elaborate play), geisha, Confucian samurai code) Opening to the West 1853: Commodore Perry’s trade offer rejected 1854: Perry returns with powerful cannons, warships, etc. JP accepts trade (US had superior arms, JP saw what happened to China in 1842 treaties) 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa Protect shipwrecked US sailors Coal stations open for US use Ports open for trade These terms are different from the terms of treaties with China (JP was for protection… so needed to supply JP with arms) 1858 Commercial Treaty Brought arms to Japan Japan’s “cultural borrowing” allowed for industrialization Domestic Schism & Downfall 1854 trade opening split the nation based on trade question Some daimyos were against trade (letting barbarians in) and backed emperor (against shogun) Two greater daimyos – Choshu and Satsuma – put aside their differences Common enemy in Tokugawa 1868: Meiji Restoration Meiji Restoration Restoration, Modernization, Nationalism Tokyo Emperor seat moves to Edo renamed Tokyo Emperor and seat of power was united Modernization Education adopted from US Science and Medicine from GER Military from FRA Navy from GBR Meiji Constitution 1889: First western constitution in Asia (based on GER constitution) Emperor is sacred and inviolable Emperor is the commander in chief Emperor can dissolve the diet (CHN: emperor republic) (JPN: shogun emperor) Final Essay Question: Chinese and Japanese ports were opened for trade with the West in the mid 1800s. Consequently, in both countries empires fell and power changed hand. Using specific evidence between 1839-1912, discuss the following: How were circumstances of opening to the West in China and Japan similar or different? What were the major changes in govt. after opening to the West? Specifically discuss emperors, other constitutions, and changes before and after the opening. Meiji Restoration Becoming A World Power 1870s: Japan modernizes Sino Japanese War (1894-5) Korea disputes whether to follow China or Japan Korea asks China for aid, but Japan also sends aid to Korea China retaliates and war begins Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) Marked Japan as a world power 1910: Korea annexed Military vs. Government JP govt. didn’t know what the military was doing in Korea 1914: Japan takes German concessions + issues 21 Demands (leaked to west and turned into 13) 1920s: Liberalism & Fall of Party Politics for Military 1929: Great Depression Gov’t wanted military cuts Military countered that protecting the emperor was vital, suggested war instead 1931/2: Manchuguo set up WW2 & Downfall 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident “Neutral” US provided Japan with 90% of scrap metal; issued warning for attacking China 1941: Pearl Harbor 1945: Surrender