Differences between phylum in the animal kingdom

Animalia Kingdom Adaptations in Evolutionary History and their Benefits Closed Circulation: Blood is contained within vessels in the body. Benefit: Animals with a closed circulatory system have higher metabolic rates because each cell in the body is only 2-3 cells away from a capillary. Also blood is more efficiently pumped throughout all lengths of the body. As opposed to a closed circulatory system that has blood diffusion across cells. Ex. Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry: This symmetry is usually seen in the anterior and exterior Benefit: Having symmetry allows for movement, control and direction (more importantly coordination), which relates to senses and responses to the environment. Ex. Platyhelminthes Cephalization: The concentration of nerve tissues at one end (front or back) of an animal. Benefit: Quicker reaction times, seeing as messages could be transmitted much faster to and from the brain. Ex. Platyhelminthes, Anthropoda Segmentation: Appendeges that are somewhat separated and differentiated in a organism. Benefit: This allows for more differentiation (Specialization). Different segments can now have specialized functions. Ex. Annelids, Anthropoda Coelom: True body cavity with 3 linings. A fluid filled body cavity separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall. Benefit: Protection/ Differentiation for the organs suspended within the body cavity. If it weren’t for our coelem every beat of our heart or ripple of the intestine could warp the body’s surface. Ex. Annelida Gills: The paired respiratory organ of fishes and some amphibians, by which oxygen is extracted from water. Benefit: Gills provide a large surface area for gas exchange in aquatic organisms. This aids in efficiency. Ex. Mollusca Lungs: Organs for gas exchange in Chordates, Arthropods/Amphibians. Provide a greaters surface area for gas exchange. Strong and spongy, moist for effective gas exchange and internal location for life on land. Leads to greater effieciency. Ex. Arthropoda/amphibian Amniotic Egg: Evolution of eggs with a water-impermeable amniotic membrane surrounding a fluid-filled amniotic cavity. Benefit: Permits embryo development on land without the problem of dessication. Water was no longer needed for embryo development. Another factor to the movement to land. Ex. Reptiles – life on land Placenta: A flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals. Benefit: Placenta and more parental care solved the problem of few offspring. Lots of energy put into offspring with after birth feeding… (milk, worms). Ex. Mammals – embryo protection and success Cnidaria: Tissues Radially Symmetrical Nerve Net – (characteristic of radially symmetrical organisms) One opening NO brain Gastro vascular cavity – Acts as hydro skeleton Platyhelminthes: Closed Circulation Bilateral symmetry Cephalization (has a head) Acoelomate Triploblastic development Ganglia – Group of nerve cells that control the body (like brain) Hermaphrodites 1 opening Nematoda: ROUNDWORM – (Non- Segmented) Bilateral symmetry LACKS circulatory system Pseudocoelem Triploblastic Development Hydrostatic skeleton Nerve Cord Ganglia – Group of nerve cells that control the body (like brain) Sensory & Motor 2 openings Annelida: SEGMENTED WORM Closed Circulatory System Have well developed nervous system (Brain) Ganglionic Mass – Group of nerve cells that control the body (like brain) Hermaphrodites Triploblastic Development Protostomes Internal organs Coelom Mollusca: Open Circulatory System Bilateral Symmetry Reduced Coelem Triploblastic Development Protostomes Ganglia Nerve Cord Some Hermaphroditic Dioecious Arthropoda: OPEN Circulatory System Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Triploblastic Development Jointed appendages Segmented body Gills/Lungs Exoskeleton Ventral Nerve Cord Dioecious Echinodermata: Radial Symmetry Deuterostome Endoskeleton Triploblastic Development Nerve Net 2 openings Chordata: Closed Circulatory System Bilateral Symmetry Deuterostome Triploblastic Development Nerve Cord, Notochord Pharyngeal Slits Post anal tail Vertebrate Column Head, neural crest Internal organs Endoskeleton