Which is NOT a reason for the frequent failure of policies to achieve their intended impact?
A. no plausible scenario on which the parties can agree
B. no socially acceptable solution exists
C. policies and laws only permit strict interpretations
D. disagreement about what constitute a social or political problem that must be addressed by the policy makers
In State v. Butler, the Supreme Court of Ohio was confronted with the question of whether the prosecution could use a non-Mirandized confession to impeach the credibility of a defendant who testifies in his or her own defense. The U.S. Supreme Court held in Miranda v. Arizona that the prosecution's use of statements of an accused made to police without prior warnings of his rights to remain silent, to counsel, and to have appointed counsel if indigent was a violation of the accuser's right against self-incrimination. Justice Frankfurter, in writing the Miranda decision, which involved the use of a confession as part of the prosecution's case-in-chief, suggested that a non-Mirandized confession could be used on cross-examination by the prosecution if the defendant testified. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Justice Frankfurter's statement is not binding on the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Butler because it is dicta.
b. Justice Frankfurter's statement is not binding on the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Butler because a precedent set by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the U.S. Constitution is not binding in Ohio state courts.
c. Justice Frankfurter's statement is not binding on the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Butler because Ohio courts can interpret the U.S. Constitution differently than the U.S. Supreme Court under the state's police power.
d. Justice Frankfurter's statement is binding on the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Butler even if it was a dissenting opinion in Miranda instead.
At the conventional level of moral development, the individual
a. interprets actions as right and wrong in terms of standards established by a relevant social group.
b. has freely chosen a set of moral principles.
c. sees morality as a legalistic phenomenon.
d. behaves so as to avoid punishment and receive praise.
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