What is a uniform distribution of large molecules that attract and hold water?

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: A
Colloids (sometimes called dispersions or gels) consist of large molecules that attract and hold water.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: C
An increase in dead space ventilation, or VD/VT, is caused by either (1) a decreased tidal volume as with rapid, shallow breathing (an increase in anatomic dead space per minute) or (2) increased physiologic dead space as in pulmonary embolus. (= 0). In either case, the proportion of wasted ventilation increases.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: B
Methemoglobin (metHb) is an abnormal form of the molecule, in which the heme-complex nor-mal ferrous iron ion (Fe2+) loses an electron and is oxidized to its ferric state (Fe2+). In the ferric state, the iron ion cannot combine with O2. The result is a special form of anemia called methe-moglobinemia. As with HbCO, clinical abnormalities come from the associated increased affinity for O2 and loss of oxygen-binding capacity. The most common cause of methemoglobinemia is the therapeutic use of oxidant medications such as nitric oxide, nitroglycerin, and lidocaine. When using these therapeutic agents, frequent monitoring for metHg is important to weigh the risk against the benefit.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: D
The alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide, or PACO2, varies directly with the body's pro-duction of carbon dioxide (VCO2) and inversely with alveolar ventilation (VA). A decrease in alveolar ventilation occurs when the minute ventilation is inadequate, the dead space ventilation per minute is increased, or a / imbalance exists.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: D
However, the shape of the dissociation curves dictates that a high / unit can reverse the high PCO2 but not the low PO2.

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