Learning theories of anxiety and trauma disorders hold that:
a. avoidance produces many fears through classical conditioning.
b. the unconditioned response is rational, while later conditioned responses are not.
c. avoidance is negatively reinforced by anxiety reduction.
d. operant conditioning accounts for the generalization of fears.
Q. 2Avoidance responses are said to be learned or conditioned because they:
a. are associated with higher levels of anxiety.
b. function to reduce or minimize anxiety, and thus are self-reinforcing.
c. can be easily generalized.
d. inhibit facing distressing feelings, thoughts, or images.
Q. 3At its heart, the goal of implosive therapy is to:
a. decrease reliance on avoidance responses to help people face their most frightening images, feelings, and thoughts.
b. flood people with positive imagery to counter aversive images.
c. replace maladaptive avoidance responses with more adaptive avoidance responses.
d. release the life energy bound up in characterological muscular armor.
Q. 4Stampfl locates the core of psychopathology in:
a. clients' inability to inhibit distressing images.
b. sexual repression and social oppression.
c. the flooding of aversive feelings and memories.
d. learned avoidance responses that reduce anxiety.
Q. 5The most common and distinctive characteristics of the exposure therapies involve:
a. direct confrontation with feared stimuli and associated intense emotions.
b. use of contingencies to reduce problem behaviors.
c. avoidance of problem-activating situations and images and reinforcement of alternative coping strategies.
d. response inhibition.
Q. 6The problem with the language and theory of transactional analysis is that they are too common and too cognitive, too free from the emotion and the passion that make existence exciting. This criticism of TA would be leveled by ________ therapy.
a. behavioral c. cognitive
b. contextual d. integrative
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