John mentally represents a boat sailing under a bridge. He then represents what he has heard: a person shouting from a car downtown. According to the Anderson and Bower's hypothesis, ____ is/are encoded as (a) proposition(s).
a. the first representation only
b. the second representation only
c. neither representation
d. both of the representations
Ques. 2If images are simply a result or byproduct of other cognitive processes, they are conceptualized as a(n) ____.
a. epiphenomenon
b. percept
c. construal
d. deductive code
Ques. 3According to the propositional theory, ____.
a. imaginal information and verbal information are stored in two separate sets of encoded propositions, each ready to be called up and represented as either verbal or imaginal
b. only imaginal information is stored in the form of a proposition, whereas verbal information is stored as encoded symbols
c. both imaginal information and verbal information are stored as encoded propositions, ready to be called up and decoded as either verbal or visual
d. only verbal information is stored in the form of a proposition, whereas imaginal information is stored in the form of raw images
Ques. 4____ proposed the idea that mental images are epiphenomena and that we manipulate images using a propositional code, not an analogous one.
a. Stephen Reed
b. Zenon Pylyshyn
c. Mary Peterson
d. Daniel Reisberg
Ques. 5____ have moved beyond the original version of propositional theory to include multiple forms of mental representations.
a. Herbert Clark and Stephen Kosslyn
b. Zenon Pylyshyn and Stephen Reed
c. Deborah Chambers and Daniel Reisberg
d. John Anderson and Gordon Bower
Ques. 6Brooks conducted a study in which participants performed a visual (involving a picture) or verbal (involving a sentence) task. Participants expressed their responses verbally (saying yes or no aloud), visually (pointing to an answer), or manually (tapping with one hand to agree and the other to disagree). Based on dual code theory, he hypothesized that ____.
a. there would be interference only when the task and response modalities differed
b. when the task and response modalities were the same, responses would be more rapid
c. when the task and response modalities were the same, responses would be slower
d. the task and response modality would not interact in any way
Ques. 7Which theory suggests that our mental representations are in an abstract form?
a. epiphenomena
b. holographic representations
c. dual-code
d. propositional
Ques. 8Which theory suggests that our mental representations can take one of two formspictorial or verbal?
a. epiphenomena
b. survey
c. dual-code theory
d. propositional
Ques. 9Debbie is trying to recall the words to the French national anthem. Jim is trying to recall the exact appearance of the Statue of Liberty. If asked, Paivio would probably say that Debbie is retrieving information stored in a(n) ____ code, whereas Jim is retrieving information stored in a(n) ____ code.
a. analog; symbolic
b. symbolic; analog
c. visual; verbal
d. symbolic; verbal
Ques. 10The dual-code theory states that ____.
a. all information is encoded in the same form and can be called up as either a visual or verbal representation.
b. information is represented in the form of a proposition with two separate ways of encoding information, verbally and nonverbally.
c. information is represented in the form of a proposition with two separate ways of encoding information, verbally and nonverbally.
d. all information is either represented in a verbal or in a nonverbal form, but not both.
Ques. 11The dual-code theory was first proposed by ____.
a. Stephen Kosslyn
b. Allan Paivio
c. Lee Brooks
d. John Anderson
Ques. 12Which type of code arbitrarily stands for what it represents and does not preserve the original features?
a. analog code
b. hierarchical code
c. deductive code
d. symbolic code
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