People are more likely to perceive this configuration of shapes:
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as four rows rather than as four columns. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?
a. Closure
b. Prgnanz
c. Proximity
d. Similarity
Ques. 2Three of the following illustrate the Gestalt notion that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Which one does not reflect this idea?
a. Abby notices that a row of flashing lights look like a single moving light.
b. Bobby gazes at the stars and notices how a cluster of seven stars forms the shape of a tennis racket.
c. Cubby is learning the concept brighter. He is shown a dim light and a bright light and told that the second light is brighter. When he later sees the same bright light and an even brighter one, he correctly identifies the new light as being brighter.
d. Debby learns that 2 plus 2 equals 4 and repeats this fact to herself over and over again until she knows it perfectly.
Ques. 3Sean is a high school student who is angry much of the time. He often vents his anger by swearing at his teacher. One day his teacher decides to extinguish Sean's swearing by ignoring him whenever he swears. Yet over the next few weeks, Sean continues to swear as frequently as he always has. Three of the following are possible explanations as to why, from a behaviorist perspective, the teacher's extinction strategy is not working. Which alternative is the least likely explanation?
a. Other students are reinforcing Sean's swearing.
b. Sean's swearing has previously been reinforced on an intermittent basis.
c. Swearing allows Sean to release pent-up anger, so he is being negatively reinforced.
d. Sean is being reinforced for swearing by means of the Premack Principle.
Ques. 4In a series of experiments, Tolman investigated the role of reinforcement in learning. Which one of the following conclusions emerged from his research?
a. Reinforcement is essential for learning, but not for performance.
b. Reinforcement is distracting, so interferes with learning.
c. Responses can be learned even when they are not reinforced.
d. Reinforcement is important only if the organism is unmotivated.
Ques. 5Mr. Fremont tells his French class, La plume means pen.' Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?
a. Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, La plume means pen.'
b. Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as plum.
c. Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention.
d. Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for pen the next day.
Ques. 6An instructional objective that requires students to rephrase a definition in their own words is at the ________ level in Bloom's taxonomy.
a. application
b. knowledge
c. comprehension
d. analysis
Ques. 7The basis for verbal learning theory came from which of the following research discoveries?
a. Language based learning could not be described by the behaviorist perspective alone.
b. Behaviorists did not want to be associated with language learning research.
c. All humans can learn language at an early age.
d. Humans can proficiently learn more than one language.
Ques. 8Three of the following are assumptions that underlie contemporary cognitive theories of learning. Which one is not such an assumption?
a. Mental events can be studied indirectly by observing behavior.
b. Humans often learn by relating new information to what they already know.
c. Researchers can study mental events only by abandoning objectivity.
d. Humans sometimes learn differently than other species do.
Ques. 9When people begin to record their own behavior, the frequency of that behavior:
a. Always goes up
b. Always goes down
c. May go either up or down
d. Typically remains unchanged unless self-reinforcement also occurs
Ques. 10The textbook describes Meichenbaum's five steps for teaching a child how to regulate his or her own behavior. Which one of the following most accurately summarizes these steps?
a. An adult models the use of self-instructions while performing a task, then encourages the child to use similar self-instructions, first aloud and then silently, while performing the same task.
b. An adult uses direct reinforcement and then vicarious reinforcement to teach the child a new behavior. Eventually, the adult asks the child to use self-reinforcement for the same behavior.
c. An adult teaches the child how to use self-monitoring to develop increasingly more complex behaviors related to a difficult task.
d. An adult first encourages the child to identify easy and achievable standards for performance. Over time, the adult asks the child to raise these standards and to work toward accomplishing them.
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