On the classic selection task in conditional reasoning, people work on the problem, If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side. Research on variations of this task indicates that
a. people consistently seek out negative information rather than positive information.
b. the problem is easier to solve if it describes something concrete, such as drinking age.
c. this is one of the few tasks that people can solve more accurately in their heads than when the problem is represented with concrete objects.
d. people are systematically influenced by the representativeness heuristic.
Question 2The research on logical reasoning shows that the confirmation bias is especially likely to operate when the participants
a. are working on an ecologically valid task, rather than a task in the psychology laboratory.
b. use a diagram to solve the problem, rather than solving it in their heads.
c. are working on a task that focuses on arbitrary stimuli, rather than on human interactions.
d. rely too heavily on bottom-up processes.
Question 3Your text discussed a classic study in which people were asked which cards they would need to turn over in order to find out whether a rule about the letters and numbers on the cards was true or false. What did the study show?
a. People rely too heavily on denying the consequent.
b. People have difficulty understanding double negatives.
c. People typically avoid trying to disproving their hypotheses.
d. People overuse bottom-up processing.
Question 4According to the research on the classic selection task (involving the cards that contain a letter and a number),
a. accuracy often depends on factors such as the concreteness and familiarity of the problem.
b. performance is better when people use top-down processing.
c. surprisingly, people perform better when the task is abstract than when it is concrete.
d. people prefer to use syllogisms, rather than conditional reasoning.
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