1. Both the endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body; however, the nervous system has been compared to an airmail delivery system and the endocrine system to the Pony Express. Briefly explain this comparison:
The nervous system uses rapidly propagated electrical "messages"; whereas endocrine system "messages" (hormones) are liberated into the blood to travel much more slowly to the targeted organs.2. Define Hormone:
Chemical substance liberated into the blood, which alters"target cell" metabolism in a specific manner.3. Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the
STEROIDS and the
AMINO-ACID BASED MOLECULES.4. Define target organ:
Organ responding to a particular hormone in a specific way.5. If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don't all tissues respond to all hormones?
The proper "hormone" receptors must be present on the plasma membrane or within the cells for tissues to expand.6. Identify the endocrine organ described by each of the following statements:
Thyroid - located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
Adrenal Gland - Found close to the kidney
Pancreas - a mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine
Testes - Paired glands suspended in the scrotum
Parathyroid - ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland
Ovaries - found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production
Thymus - found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
Pineal body - found in the roof of the third ventricle
7. The table below lists the functions of many hormones you have studied. From the keys below, fill in the hormones responsible for each function, and the endocrine glands that produce each hormone. Glands may be used more than once.
FUNCTION HORMONE GLANDS
Regulate the function of another endocrine gland:
TSH, FSH, ACTH, LH Anterior pituitaryMaintenance of salt/water balance in the extracellular fluid:
ADH Hypothalamus
Aldosterone Adrenal cortex
Directly involved/milk production and ejection:
Oxytocin Hypothalamus
Prolactin Anterior pituitaryControls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation:
T3/T4 ThyriodRegulates blood calcium levels:
Calcitonin Thyroid
PTH Parathyriod
Regulates blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland:
Glucagon & Insulin Pancreas
Released in response to stressors:
Cortisone Adrenal Cortex
Epinephrine Adrenal Medulla
Drive development of secondary sex characteristics in males:
Testosterone Testes
Directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle:
Estrogen & Progesterone Ovaries
8. Although the pituitary gland is often referred to as the master gland of the body, the hypothalamus exerts some control over the pituitary gland. How does the hypothalamus control both the anterior and posterior pituitary functioning?
Produces "releasing and inhilating hormones", controls production and release of anterior pituitary hormones. It forms hormones ADH/Oxytocin that are transported to the posterior pituitary and later released into the nervous system by the hypothalamus.9. Indicate whether the release of hormones listed below is stimulated by A another hormone, B the nervous system; or C humoral factors.
1. ACTH
B 2. Calcitonin
C 3. Estrogens
A 4. Insulin
C 5. Norepinephrine
B 6. Parathyroid hormone
C 7. T4/T3
A 8. testosterone
A 9. TSH, FSH
B 10. Name the hormones produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in the following conditions.
Tetany -
PTHExcessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels -
ADHLoss of glucose in the urine -
InsulinAbnormally small stature, normal proportions -
GHLow BMR, mental and physical sluggishness -
T3/T4Large hands and feet in the adult, large facial bones-
GHNervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating-
T3/T4demineralization of bones spontaneous fractures -
PTHMICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SELECTED ENDOCRINE GLANDS
12. Choose response from key:
1. parafollicular cells of the thyroid (calcitonin)
A2. follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid (T4/T3)
H3. beta cells of the pancreatic islets (langerhorn) (insulin)
E4. Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (langerhorn) ( glucagon)
C5. Basophil cells of the anterior pituitary (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)
I6. Zona fasciculata cells (glucocorticoids)
D7. Zona glomerulosa cells (mineralocorticoids)
F8. Chief cells of the parathyroid (PTH)
G9. Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary (GH, prolactin)
B13. Six diagrams of the microscopic structures of the endocrine glands are presented, identify each and name all structures indicated by a leader line or bracket.
A. Anterior Pituitary (from left to right)-
Basophils, Chromophobes, AcidophilsB. Adrenal gland (Top to bottom)-
Capsule, Zona glomerulosa, zona fascuculata, zona reticularis, adrenal medullaC. Pancreatic Islet - Left to right -
Exocrine tissue of the pancreas, Beta cells, Alpha CellsD. Thyroid gland - Left to right -
Colloid-filled follicles, follicle cells, blood vesselE. Posterior pituitary - L to R -
Fenestrated capillaries, ptuicytesF. Parathyroid Gland - L to R -
Chief cells, oxyphil cells.