Describe the two primary forces that set ocean water in motion and how they drive both surface and ...

On a global scale, winds from the atmosphere and gravity are the two primary forces that drive the mass global movement of water. In general, the mass water flow in the ocean is called a current; some currents are large-scale global phenomena and some are local and are subject to local conditions. As persistent winds blow across the surface of the ocean, they pull the water setting it into motion due to friction. These winds are responsible for the horizontal movement of water, which is then replaced by deeper, colder water and resulting in vertical water movement. This vertical movement in conjunction with horizontal movement sets up global scale currents. In addition, density differences due to temperature (convection), salinity, and gravity will drive water movement. This type of movement is called thermohaline circulation. In polar areas, dense water sinks and travels as bottom water to lower latitudes. The most distinctive of these deep-water masses is the Antarctic Bottom Water.

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