Which statement is not true regarding the role of the co-curriculum and knowing?

Which statement is not true regarding the role of the co-curriculum and knowing?
 
  a. Participation in clubs and organizations should be properly viewed as a last measure for promoting higher levels of knowing when courses or better opportunities are not available.
  b. Student leadership positions offer opportunities for encountering situations similar to the post-college experiences of Baxter Magolda's participants.
  c. Involvement in campus organizations can help develop life/learning strategies of the covert curriculum..
  d. Co-curricular activities are not only for fun, they are opportunities to learn collaboration.
  e. All of the above