Paul was always a hand full; as a toddler and then preschooler he was stubborn, refusing to speak to ...

Paul was always a hand full; as a toddler and then preschooler he was stubborn, refusing to speak to people who spoke to him or comply with simple requests. In elementary school, Paul's stubborn behaviors morphed into open defiance. He would not comply with school personnel requests he go to his classroom or with his teacher when she asked him to read or complete an assignment. At home, when asked by his parents to complete a chore or to do his homework, Paul would stare at them and simply say, No. When Paul entered middle school, he started staying out late and not going to school. Eventually he started to run away whenever the mood struck him. Which of the pathways appropriately describes Paul's delinquent behaviors?
 
  a. Covert pathway
  b. Overt pathway
  c. Authority conflict pathway
   d. Trajectory pathway