_____ often occur(s) during the initial ICU visit by the family.

The answer to question 1

D
The ICU environment and the large amount of information that is transferred during the initial visits can cause information overload for both patients and families. Sleep deprivation and sensory overload add to the complexity of the issues that affect the patient's ability to receive and understand medical information. Mental alterations may limit the effectiveness of the teachinglearning encounter. These physical and cognitive limitations prevent patients from receiving or understanding information related to their care and impairs their ability to make informed decisions.

The answer to question 2

B
Keeping a sleep chart for 48 to 72 hours and documenting sleep periods greater than 90 minutes, the number and length of awakenings, and the total possible sleep time can help assess sleep patterns in the critical care unit.

The answer to question 3

A
Providing information regarding environment, procedures, sensations, and time of day is benevolent and may help decrease immediate physiologic stress.

The answer to question 4

C
Ineffective coping is defined as an impairment of a person's adaptive behaviors and problem-solving abilities when meeting life's demands and necessary roles. Manifestations of ineffective coping in critical illness include verbalization of an inability to cope, anxiety, and being unable to meet basic needs. Regression is an unconscious defense mechanism characterized by a retreat, in the face of stress, to behaviors characteristic of an earlier developmental level. Hope is a subjective, dynamic internal process essential to life. Considered to be a spiritual process, hope is an energy that arises out of a sense of being meaningfully connected to one's self, others, and powers greater than the self.

The answer to question 5

C
Family members, themselves in a time of crisis, are particularly sensitive to a nurse's words and actions, making it essential that the nurse convey understanding and acceptance. Although the critical care nurse rarely has the time or opportunity to perform a full family assessment or give ongoing support to all family members, he or she can observe the quality of the patient-family interaction and formulate interventions that will aid the family in supporting the patient.

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