Why are people with higher-than-average education more likely to vote?

Why are people with higher-than-average education more likely to vote?
 
  a. Education depresses political efficacy, which then encourages turnout.
  b. Education increases intolerance, which then encourages turnout.
  c. Education helps voters recognize differences between the candidates.
  d. Education enables voters to calculate the probability that their vote will decide the election.

Question -2-

Explain the significance of critical elections to party realignment. Provide an example of a critical election.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question -3-

Which of the following is one way in which the White House staff differs from the president's cabinet?
 
  a. The White House staff is more loyal to the president.
  b. The cabinet is more loyal to the president than is the White House staff.
  c. The cabinet works more closely with the president than does the White House staff.
  d. The White House staff must perform their job duties in accordance with congressional legislation, while the cabinet has no such restraints.

Question -4-

What distinguishes the contemporary presidency from the institution originally envisioned by the Framers of the Constitution?
 
  a. The contemporary presidency is much more powerful.
  b. The contemporary presidency is less involved in the development of foreign policy.
  c. The contemporary presidency exhibits a greater level of deference to Congress in budgetary matters.
  d. Contemporary presidents are more cautious in advocating for their legislative agendas.