How do social cleavages in French society help generate much of the country's unrest? What will ...

Ans. to #1

The four main social factors that have contributed to French protests are: economic class, nationalism, religion, and post-materialism.
Class: French society has long been divided between the haves and the
have-nots.
Nationalism: Far-right nationalism has become a staple of French politics and society, with the National Front party routinely receiving approximately 10 of the vote. This party is often mobilized against immigrants and minorities.
Religion: While there are some divisions and tensions across religious lines in
France, the main axis of difference is between religious adherents and proponents of a secular state that conforms to the principles of lacit.
Post-Materialism: In France, post-materialists often square off against what they argue is a rapacious or uncaring capitalist state.

Ans. to #2

Class identity has long divided French society. Industrialization on the outskirts
of major cities began in the early nineteenth century and drew large number of
peasants off the land into urban areas. By the end of the nineteenth century, the French
working class was highly mobilized. Yet, starting in the 1970s, French citizens'
identification with the working class began to decline. This is consistent with trends
across Europe, as factory work has been outsourced to developing countries and as
ideologies of class struggle was dealt a blow by the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Still, perceived class differences have not disappeared. Tensions between workers and
employers or between workers and the statewhen it is perceived to oppose workers'
rights, job security, or the welfare statecreate ongoing opportunities for mobilizing
protest in France.

Ans. to #3

c. environmental costs are added to the sales price.

Ans. to #4

d. citizen initiatives.

Ans. to #5

E

Ans. to #6

France has a bicameral legislature. The bicameral legislature is composed of the directly elected lower house, the National Assembly, and the indirectly elected upper house, the Snat. Like presidents, National Assembly members serve five-year terms although the president has the power to dissolve the body and call for early elections. The electoral institutions for other French representative bodiessuch as the upper house of parliament, as well as regional, district, and local governmentsdiffer substantially from the system for the presidential and National Assembly elections. Most of the nearly 350 members of the Snat, for example, are indirectly electedprimarily by local elected authoritiesfor six-year terms, with one half elected every three years.