What are the bonding mechanisms of endotoxin?

Mechanism

In humans, LPS binds to the lipid-binding protein (LBP) in the serum, which transfers it to CD14 on the cell membrane, which in turn transfers it to another non-anchored protein, MD2, which associates with Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4).

CD14 and TLR4 are present in several immune system cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells), triggering the signaling cascade for macrophage/endothelial cells to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and Nitric oxide that lead to "endotoxic shock".

Other than TLR4, components of gram-negative cell wall may also activate other pathways, which may contribute to the overall endotoxic effect..