Question 1 of 25
4.0 Points
The field of child development seeks to:
A.a. predict the outcome of development.
Correct B.b. uncover the processes that underlie developmental changes.
C.c. describe individual differences between children.
D.d. identify the stages of childhood.
Answer Key: B
Question 2 of 25
4.0 Points
In trying to understand influences on development, today's developmental psychologists focus on:
Correct A.a. the interplay between biology and environment.
B.b. the interplay between predetermination and predestination.
C.c. the environment exclusively.
D.d. the ways in which biological factors are the primary cause of children's behavior.
Answer Key: A
Question 3 of 25
4.0 Points
Research by Michael Rutter and colleagues found that children who were raised in deprived settings, but were later adopted into healthy families, showed positive changes in their adjustment. This demonstrates that:
A.a. development is continuous.
B.b. development is discontinuous.
Correct C.c. a disruption in behavioral continuity can be a positive.
D.d. disruptions in behavioral continuity only occur under extreme conditions.
Answer Key: C
Question 4 of 25
4.0 Points
Erin initially appeared to cope with her parents' divorce well. Later, she exhibited problems with school and in her friendships. Her response to risk is an example of:
A.a. a coping factor.
B.b. denial.
C.c. aftershock.
Correct D.d. the sleeper effect.
Answer Key: D
Question 5 of 25
4.0 Points
When Antonia grabs a handful of candy from a bowl on the table, her brother Leonard yells, "No! You're only supposed to take one piece!" According to Freudian theory, Leonard's reaction represents the:
A.a. id.
B.b. ego.
Correct C.c. superego.
D.d. sibling rivalry.
Answer Key: C
Question 6 of 25
4.0 Points
When deciding which method to use for collecting information about children, the primary factor should be:
Correct A.a. the questions being asked by the researchers.
B.b. the age of the child/children.
C.c. the size of the sample.
D.d. the research design itself.
Answer Key: A
Question 7 of 25
4.0 Points
According to Tomasello's (1999) evolutionary perspective, the central feature of human cognitive development that distinguishes humans from other primates is the ability to:
Correct A.a. understand the intentions of others.
B.b. think abstractly.
C.c. solve problems in the environment in which we inhabit.
D.d. use language.
Answer Key: A
Question 8 of 25
4.0 Points
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the structural-organismic perspectives of development of Freud and Piaget?
A.a. The stages that occur during development are universal.
B.b. Psychological structures and processes within the child are critical to development.
Correct C.c. Objective reality is central in the child's development.
D.d. Development is discontinuous.
Answer Key: C
Question 9 of 25
4.0 Points
The impact of early events on later behavior can be determined through the use of a(n):
A.a. naturalistic design.
B.b. experimental design.
C.c. cross-sectional design.
Correct D.d. longitudinal design.
Answer Key: D
Question 10 of 25
4.0 Points
Each ovum and each sperm contain:
A.a. 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Correct B.b. 23 chromosomes.
C.c. 46 chromosomes.
D.d. no chromosomes.
Answer Key: B
Question 11 of 25
4.0 Points
Each DNA molecule is capable of:
Correct A.a. reconstructing itself.
B.b. recreating a similar but not identical molecule.
C.c. synthesizing carbohydrates.
D.d. triggering mutations.
Answer Key: A
Question 12 of 25
4.0 Points
Most serious deleterious alleles are:
A.a. dominant.
B.b. codominant.
Correct C.c. recessive.
D.d. no longer a part of the gene pool.
Answer Key: C
Question 13 of 25
4.0 Points
A characteristic such as genius that results from two parents of average intelligence is influenced by:
A.a. heterozygotes.
B.b. autosomes.
Correct C.c. gene interactions.
D.d. hybrid genes.
Answer Key: C
Question 14 of 25
4.0 Points
A problem associated with the alphafetoprotein (AFP) assay is:
Correct A.a. a high rate of false positive results.
B.b. a high rate of false negative results.
C.c. the inability to detect risks for Down syndrome.
D.d. harm to the developing fetus.
Answer Key: A
Question 15 of 25
4.0 Points
Two infants are adopted by a family. They are the same age and are adopted at the same time, but are not biologically related. Research supports which of the following statements?
A.a. They will be treated very differently by their parents even though they live in the same house.
B.b. The two will have similar personalities because they share a similar environment.
Correct C.c. They would be more likely to have similar characteristics during early and middle childhood, but will probably become less similar in adolescence due to niche picking.
D.d. They will be very similar during adolescence because the environment will have strongly influenced their personalities.
Answer Key: C
Question 16 of 25
4.0 Points
While you were growing up, your parents often preferred staying at home on the weekends, watching television, and reading over socializing with others outside the family. You had a tendency to be shy and introverted, so you also enjoyed these types of activities and continued these activities even as an adult. This is an example of:
Correct A.a. passive genetic-environmental interaction.
B.b. evocative genetic-environmental interaction.
C.c. active genetic-environmental interaction.
D.d. parent to child genetic-environmental interaction.
Answer Key: A
Question 17 of 25
4.0 Points
The increased lifespan in recent years of individuals with Down syndrome can be attributed to:
A.a. greater understanding of the genetic implications of the disorder.
Correct B.b. advances in the treatment of health complications associated with Down syndrome.
C.c. a decrease in the institutionalization of individuals with Down syndrome.
D.d. earlier detection of the disorder, which can result in a reduction of various symptoms of the disorder.
Answer Key: B
Question 18 of 25
4.0 Points
Which infants are likely to respond negatively to new situations?
A.a. difficult infants only.
B.b. slow-to-warm-up infants only.
Correct C.c. both difficult and slow-to-warm-up infants.
D.d. antisocial infants.
Answer Key: C
Question 19 of 25
4.0 Points
The semipermeable membranes that separate maternal and child bloodstreams are located in the:
A.a. amniotic sac.
B.b. amniotic fluid.
Correct C.c. placenta.
D.d. umbilical cord.
Answer Key: C
Question 20 of 25
4.0 Points
Proximal-distal development is human growth:
Correct A.a. from central areas, such as internal organs, to more distant areas, like arms and legs.
B.b. from the area of the head downward, to the trunk and legs.
C.c. from the area of the feet upward, to the head.
D.d. from the area of the hands inward, to the internal organs.
Answer Key: A
Question 21 of 25
4.0 Points
Your sister is pregnant and working in a smoking environment. You urge her to quit her job because:
A.a. secondary smoke can contribute to hyperactivity in childhood.
Correct B.b. secondary smoke can contribute to low birthweight.
C.c. she may be tempted to start smoking.
D.d. her baby's lungs may not develop adequate surfactant.
Answer Key: B
Question 22 of 25
4.0 Points
If you are an African-American, pregnant woman, what is the most likely reason that you do not get prenatal care?
A.a. not enough social support.
B.b. difficulties finding a doctor.
Correct C.c. problems scheduling and keeping appointments.
D.d. inadequate information.
Answer Key: C
Question 23 of 25
4.0 Points
As an obstetrician, you sometimes encounter maternal syphilis. You advise your patients that treatment is most successful when administered:
A.a. after the age of viability.
B.b. after the fetus has reached 5 pounds.
Correct C.c. prior to 18 weeks gestation.
D.d. a week before birth.
Answer Key: C
Question 24 of 25
4.0 Points
One advantage of a cesarean birth may be that:
Correct A.a. fathers may become more involved with their infants while mothers recover.
B.b. there is less risk of infection and the longer hospital stay is beneficial to the mother.
C.c. although babies tend to be less responsive and wakeful, studies suggest there may be an advantage to neurological and cognitive development.
D.d. there really are no advantages to having a child by cesarean section.
Answer Key: A
Question 25 of 25
4.0 Points
As a parent of a premature infant, you have been taught techniques for stimulating your baby. As a result, your baby is less likely to suffer from:
A.a. hearing problems.
B.b. allergies to formula.
Correct C.c. apnea.
D.d. visual problems.
Answer Key: C
Question 1 of 25
4.0 Points
One of the newborn's permanent reflexes is the:
A.a. moro reflex.
B.b. sucking reflex.
C.c. palmar grasp.
Correct D.d. eye-blink reflex.
Answer Key: D
Question 2 of 25
4.0 Points
According to autostimulation theory, compared to those infants raise in an impoverished environment, infants who are raised in a stimulating environment would:
A.a. have increased need for REM sleep.
Correct B.b. have decreased need for REM sleep.
C.c. spend the same amount of time in REM sleep.
D.d. be more fussy and irritable regardless of the amount of REM sleep they got.
Answer Key: B
Question 3 of 25
4.0 Points
As a developmental psychologist, you are interested in the predictive value of the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale. After conducting a literature review, you have found that:
A.a. there is no relationship between performance on this scale and later social development.
B.b. no relationship exists between neonatal performance and later motor development.
C.c. this scale is predictive only for normal infants.
Correct D.d. a baby's behavior during the assessment is related to later parent-infant interaction.
Answer Key: D
Question 4 of 25
4.0 Points
Research in the area of visual scanning suggests that newborns:
A.a. readily scan the inner features of a face.
B.b. scan the inner features of a face only when it is their mother's face.
Correct C.c. scan mostly the outer contours of the face.
D.d. spend most of their time scanning from the nose to the mouth.
Answer Key: C
Question 5 of 25
4.0 Points
Infants under 3 months of age use _____ to perceive depth, while older infants use _________.
A.a. passive cues; active cues.
B.b. contrast; acuity.
C.c. retinal image size; locomotion.
Correct D.d. motion cues; stereoscopic vision.
Answer Key: D
Question 6 of 25
4.0 Points
Research in infant learning does NOT support which of the following conclusions?
A.a. Infants are best organized in early life to learn which stimuli are associated with dangerous events.
B.b. Infant learning may reflect responses that are the most energy efficient.
Correct C.c. Infants do not learn by imitation.
D.d. Infants are capable of learning through both operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Answer Key: C
Question 7 of 25
4.0 Points
Research on infant crying by Hubbard and van IJzendoom (1991) suggests that parental delay in responding to a crying child:
Correct A.a. is related to decreases in the number of crying bouts and may help the child learn to cope independently.
B.b. is related to increases in the number of crying bouts and may frustrate the child.
C.c. has no effect on the amount of crying over time.
D.d. is related to decreases in the number of crying bouts only when the child has a difficult temperament.
Answer Key: A
Question 8 of 25
4.0 Points
Studies of infant taste preference indicate that taste preference:
A.a. depend on whether the infant was breast or bottle-fed.
Correct B.b. can be modified before or after birth.
C.c. depend on the age of weaning the infant to solid foods.
D.d. are very difficult to modify after the child is 3 months old.
Answer Key: B
Question 9 of 25
4.0 Points
The area of the brain that develops most rapidly in the early stages after birth is the:
A.a. visual cortex.
B.b. auditory cortex.
Correct C.c. primary motor area.
D.d. language cortex.
Answer Key: C
Question 10 of 25
4.0 Points
A child who has sustained damage to her right hemisphere would be able to do which task the best?
Incorrect A.a. understand emotional reactions of others.
B.b. understand speech and language.
C.c. read a map.
D.d. recognize familiar faces.
Answer Key: B
Question 11 of 25
4.0 Points
Some researchers suggest that dyslexic children:
Correct A.a. may not have properly developed cerebral lateralization and may possibly be overloading one side of the brain.
B.b. have underdeveloped right and left brain hemispheres since information is inadequately processed.
C.c. have probably not had enough environmental stimulation for language development.
D.d. tend to have lower IQ's than children without dyslexia.
Answer Key: A
Question 12 of 25
4.0 Points
The current research in the area of locomotor development by Thelen and colleagues supports the view that:
Correct A.a. locomotor development is multiply determined.
B.b. locomotor development results solely from maturational factors.
C.c. locomotor development is based upon reflexes.
D.d. locomotor development is solely a function of the baby's size and weight.
Answer Key: A
Question 13 of 25
4.0 Points
Tempo of growth is:
A.a. the tendency for development to vary in rate (e.g., rapid or slow) from child to child.
B.b. the tendency for development to follow a similar pattern across cultures.
Incorrect C.c. the tendency for development to follow a similar pattern across generations.
D.d. the tendency for development to occur earlier and earlier across generations.
Answer Key: A
Question 14 of 25
4.0 Points
Thelen and colleagues' research on the disappearance of the stepping response at about 2 months of age supports the argument that:
Correct A.a. stepping really doesn't disappear but, because of the baby's size and weight, is not evident.
B.b. stepping is a skill that is temporarily lost and reappears after neurological maturation.
C.c. infants can walk much earlier if they practice on a treadmill.
D.d. babies are not motorically capable of stepping until around age 1.
Answer Key: A
Question 15 of 25
4.0 Points
The fact that infants are capable of using a variety of grips depending on the shape and size of the object they are grasping, and their age, suggests:
Correct A.a. that the infant motor system continues to develop through infancy and childhood..
B.b. that the infant has fully developed eye-hand coordination.
C.c. that the infant has developed a more accurate visual system than originally thought.
D.d. that the infant prefers certain sizes and shapes at certain ages.
Answer Key: A
Question 16 of 25
4.0 Points
Studies on nutritional intake and growth during World Wars I and II indicated that:
A.a. boys were less affected than girls and more so in weight than height.
B.b. girls were more affected than boys and more so in height than weight.
C.c. French girls matured faster during WWII than before the war.
Correct D.d. environmental factors contributed to slower growth in children.
Answer Key: D
Question 17 of 25
4.0 Points
The impact of maturation on the emotional adjustment of girls:
A.a. is always devastating.
Correct B.b. depends on their perception of being "on" or "off" time.
C.c. will probably cause no adjustment problems.
D.d. will probably be welcomed by most girls, especially dancers and athletes.
Answer Key: B
Question 18 of 25
4.0 Points
Currently, the best explanation for why different events cause smiling and laughing at different ages is offered by:
A.a. learning factor theory.
Correct B.b. genetic-maturational theory.
C.c. environmental factor theory.
D.d. perceptual-recognition factor theory.
Answer Key: B
Question 19 of 25
4.0 Points
Research studies have shown:
A.a. infants to be capable of expressing all the emotions that adults can express.
B.b. newborn infants to be capable of expressing social smiles.
Correct C.c. that infants will develop emotional expressions in response to particular external events.
D.d. production of emotion in children is random and independent of environmental stimuli.
Answer Key: C
Question 20 of 25
4.0 Points
Smiles that exhibit an upturned mouth and wrinkles around the eyes are called:
A.a. mom smiles.
B.b. social smiles.
Correct C.c. Duchenne smiles.
D.d. Dutch smiles.
Answer Key: C
Question 21 of 25
4.0 Points
Cross-cultural research on fear suggests that because:
Correct A.a. certain kinds of fear occur at the same ages in different cultures, there is a maturational basis for it.
B.b. fear in toddlers will result in crying.
C.c. "performance anxiety" occurred in American children at about 24 months of age and not Vietnamese children, fear must be a learned behavior.
D.d. children were afraid of other children their own age who were from different cultures, there is a biological basis for fear.
Answer Key: A
Question 22 of 25
4.0 Points
The children's attachment to each other in Freud and Dann's study of orphans during WWII is a demonstration of the existence of:
A.a. insecure attachment.
B.b. antisocial behavior in the absence of consistent adult caregivers.
Correct C.c. peer attachment.
D.d. childhood pathology due to lack of maternal attachment.
Answer Key: C
Question 23 of 25
4.0 Points
Timmy has just had his first birthday. Even though he is a "big boy" now, Timmy still becomes very upset whenever his parents leave him with a sitter, even for short periods of time. Upon their return, Timmy still appears to be distressed and is not easily soothed. Even though he seems to want his parents to hold him, he fidgets or pulls away once in their arms. Which of Ainsworth's classifications best fits Timmy?
A.a. Insecure-avoidant.
B.b. Secure.
Correct C.c. Insecure-resistant.
D.d. Insecure-disorganized.
Answer Key: C
Question 24 of 25
4.0 Points
Studies on child day care and the attachment relationship between mothers and their children have shown that:
A.a. most mothers who choose to be employed outside the home are unconsciously avoiding their children.
B.b. all mothers want their children in a full time day care facility.
Correct C.c. working mothers can have children who are insecurely attached.
D.d. there are probably no beneficial effects associated with putting a child in day care.
Answer Key: C
Question 25 of 25
4.0 Points
Studies on children's laughter have shown that it:
A.a. tends to decrease with development.
Incorrect B.b. tends to become more quiet and reserved as children get older.
C.c. tends to have a more social focus/purpose as children get older.
D.d. tends to have little effect on parent-child interactions.
Answer Key: C
Question 1 of 25
4.0 Points
According to Piaget, basic reflexes such as grasping, kicking, and looking help infants to:
A.a. form bonds with caregivers.
Correct B.b. engage with and learn about the world.
C.c. make their needs known to others.
D.d. control their environment.
Answer Key: B
Question 2 of 25
4.0 Points
Vygotsky's view on innate abilities attributed the child with:
A.a. no innate abilities.
B.b. only innate abilities that were supported by the child's return.
Correct C.c. innate abilities such as attention, perception, and memory.
D.d. innate abilities such as reflexes.
Answer Key: C
Question 3 of 25
4.0 Points
The goals of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is:
Correct A.a. to discover how children think about the world and how changes in their thinking come about.
B.b. to explain how brain development controls cognitive development.
C.c. to discover cultural influences on a child's cognitive development.
D.d. to explain how social experience leads to increasing levels of cognitive competence.
Answer Key: A
Question 4 of 25
4.0 Points
Jay believes that the world revolves around him and that the universe was created for him. Jay has a lot of difficulty seeing any point of view besides his own. This egocentricity is characteristic of what substage of the preoperational stage of development?
A.a. intuitive substage.
Correct B.b. preconceptual substage.
C.c. concrete substage.
D.d. formal substage.
Answer Key: B
Question 5 of 25
4.0 Points
Cross-cultural research on the development of cognitive abilities suggests that cultures value and develop those skills that:
Correct A.a. are useful in the daily activities required in their cultural settings.
B.b. are universally needed for human survival.
C.c. allow humans to achieve higher levels of cognition than other primates.
D.d. were taught to us by our ancestors even if they are no longer relevant to our daily lives.
Answer Key: A
Question 6 of 25
4.0 Points
When a preoperational child, Delores, is asked if she has a sister, Delores replies, "Yes." Then, when asked further, "What's her name?", Delores states, "Mary." Then Delores is asked if Mary has a sister, and Delores replies, "No." This conversational exchange reflects Delores' preoperational limitation in reasoning known as:
Correct A.a. reversibility.
B.b. conservation.
C.c. centration.
D.d. intuition.
Answer Key: A
Question 7 of 25
4.0 Points
A critical assumption of the information-processing system is that over the course of development, children's thought processes become increasingly:
Correct A.a. more efficient.
B.b. more complex.
C.c. more active.
D.d. more involved.
Answer Key: A
Question 8 of 25
4.0 Points
Research on distraction suggests that:
Correct A.a. distraction can sometimes facilitate children's learning performance.
B.b. older children cannot concentrate on a learning task if sounds such as typing or children's music are played in the room.
C.c. involvement in a task does not have an impact on distractibility.
D.d. children cannot ignore distractors until they reach school age.
Answer Key: A
Question 9 of 25
4.0 Points
Developmental changes in processing speed:
A.a. are simply due to practice with particular tasks.
B.b. occur at different rates in different cultural groups.
Correct C.c. are similar for different tasks such as reading comprehension, memory retrieval, and visual search.
D.d. plateau in early childhood at which point children are able to process information as quickly as adults.
Answer Key: C
Question 10 of 25
4.0 Points
According to information-processing theories, which of the following statements is NOT one of the ways in which the human brain is similar to a computer?
A.a. Both the mind and the computer are limited in the amount and nature of information that can be processed.
B.b. Changes occur over time in both the mind and the computer that can aid in the processing of information.
C.c. Both the mind and the computer process information through the use of rules and strategies.
Correct D.d. Both require old information to be replaced by newer information that is input into the system.
Answer Key: D
Question 11 of 25
4.0 Points
Which factor has been found to improve children's ability to form hierarchical categories?
A.a. asking children to categorize people instead of objects.
B.b. the use of unusual objects.
Correct C.c. the use of labels to denote category membership.
D.d. the use of a large number of objects.
Answer Key: C
Question 12 of 25
4.0 Points
Executive control processes are important because they reflect:
A.a. individual's control over his or her environmental surroundings.
B.b. the active role of the person in regulating cognitive processing.
Incorrect C.c. children's unconscious ability to choose the best strategy in a particular situation.
D.d. the ways in which other people help guide the strategies we use for particular problems.
Answer Key: B
Question 13 of 25
4.0 Points
Utilization deficiencies may occur because children:
A.a. are unable to learn the strategy.
Correct B.b. may not use the strategy consistently.
C.c. have used the strategy so much they become bored with it.
D.d. prefer to use more advanced strategies.
Answer Key: B
Question 14 of 25
4.0 Points
Developmental research using the multistore model would most likely focus on changes in:
A.a. parallel distributed processing.
B.b. executive control structure.
Correct C.c. short-term strategies and how these impact long-term memory.
D.d. the zone of proximal development.
Answer Key: C
Question 15 of 25
4.0 Points
Gardner proposes that:
A.a. there is one general intelligence factor.
B.b. intelligence tests should measure the processes involved in thinking and acquiring knowledge.
Correct C.c. bodily-kinesthetic, musical, intrapersonal, and interpersonal abilities are just as important to human functioning as linguistic and spatial abilities.
D.d. language skills are central to all forms of intelligence.
Answer Key: C
Question 16 of 25
4.0 Points
The series of studies by Fagan and colleagues support the view that intelligence scores in childhood can best be predicted from:
A.a. mother's responsiveness during infancy.
Correct B.b. visual attention behaviors in infancy.
C.c. motor skills and verbal ability in infancy.
D.d. mother's encouragement of attention in infancy.
Answer Key: B
Question 17 of 25
4.0 Points
Which of the following is NOT likely to overwhelm or minimize the genetic contribution to the intellectual functioning of an individual or group?
A.a. neglect.
B.b. abuse.
Correct C.c. mixed ancestry.
D.d. economic deprivation.
Answer Key: C
Question 18 of 25
4.0 Points
Which of the following is NOT one of the issues on which scientists have focused in formulating theories of intelligence?
A.a. Is intelligence a single characteristic of an individual or does it contain many components?
B.b. Is intelligence determined by genetic or environmental factors?
Correct C.c. Does intelligence decrease throughout the lifespan as brain cells age?
D.d. Does intelligence predict academic success or success outside of school?
Answer Key: C
Question 19 of 25
4.0 Points
Tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales that focus on products of intelligence and current performance have demonstrated that IQ _________, whereas tests that focus on the cognitive processes underlying intelligence demonstrate that IQ _______.
A.a. is stable over time; fluctuates over time.
Correct B.b. fluctuates over time; is stable over time.
C.c. is reliable; is valid.
D.d. is valid; is reliable.
Answer Key: B
Question 20 of 25
4.0 Points
Information-processing approaches to intelligence emphasize:
Correct A.a. cognitive processing skills such as memory and problem-solving.
B.b. calculator modeling of intelligence.
C.c. the diverse skills and abilities that different cultures value with regard to intelligence.
D.d. the existence of a general factor (g) plus a number of specific factors (s).
Answer Key: A
Question 21 of 25
4.0 Points
According to Sternberg, successful intelligence requires which three abilities?
A.a. information-processing, memory, and problem-solving abilities.
Correct B.b. analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
C.c. experience, context, and tacit abilities.
D.d. verbal, spatial, and mathematical abilities.
Answer Key: B
Question 22 of 25
4.0 Points
The first intelligence test was designed by Binet and Simon to:
A.a. identify gifted children who might excel given the right opportunities.
Correct B.b. identify children who were unable to learn in a traditional classroom setting.
C.c. inhibit teachers' prejudices against children who were from privileged backgrounds.
D.d. place children in different classes according to their ability.
Answer Key: B
Question 23 of 25
4.0 Points
Arthur Jensen (1969) suggested that:
A.a. only a small portion of IQ differences between African-Americans and European Americans can be attributed to genetic factors.
Correct B.b. the differences between African-Americans and European Americans in IQ can mainly be attributed to genetic factors.
C.c. the differences between African-Americans and European Americans in IQ can mainly be attributed in environmental factors.
D.d. there are no differences between ethnic groups in IQ.
Answer Key: B
Question 24 of 25
4.0 Points
Which principle in the ecological family systems perspective is concerned with the influence of family members and subsystems within the family upon one another?
A.a. organization.
Correct B.b. interdependency.
C.c. boundaries.
D.d. equifinality.
Answer Key: B
Question 25 of 25
4.0 Points
Research suggests that the birth of a difficult child:
A.a. tends to bring a couple closer together.
Correct B.b. is associated with conflict in already fragile marriages.
C.c. is associated with more conflict in strong marriages than weak marriages.
D.d. is usually caused by parental conflict that occurs prenatally.
Answer Key: B
Question 1 of 25
4.0 Points
Brown and Brownell (1990) found that toddlers who frequently initiated conflicts with peers:
Correct A.a. were the most sociable and initiated the most interactions.
B.b. were unpopular with peers
C.c. were insecurely attached to their parents.
D.d. were socially immature.
Answer Key: A
Question 2 of 25
4.0 Points
What kinds of attributions are socially incompetent children likely to make in ambiguous situations?
A.a. nonthreatening.
B.b. external.
Correct C.c. hostile.
D.d. friendly.
Answer Key: C
Question 3 of 25
4.0 Points
Which peer status is the most stable over time?
A.a. popular.
B.b. neglected.
C.c. controversial.
Correct D.d. rejected.
Answer Key: D
Question 4 of 25
4.0 Points
Studies (in the early 1990's) of cross-cultural differences in peer relationships in middle childhood found that __________ was related to peer acceptance in China and peer rejection in Canada.
A.a. cooperation.
B.b. height.
Correct C.c. shyness.
D.d. socio-economic status.
Answer Key: C
Question 5 of 25
4.0 Points
During adolescence, friendship processes begin to emphasize:
A.a. fitting in with the norms of the group.
Correct B.b. exploring the self and disclosure.
C.c. learning to resolve conflict.
D.d. maximizing entertainment.
Answer Key: B
Question 6 of 25
4.0 Points
Girls with numerous mixed-sex antipathies are likely to be ______ while boys with numerous mixed-sex antipathies are likely to be ________.
A.a. antisocial; popular.
B.b. popular; rejected.
C.c. aggressive; victimized.
Correct D.d. depressed; antisocial.
Answer Key: D
Question 7 of 25
4.0 Points
Which is considered the most significant factor that influences a child's peer acceptance?
A.a. attractiveness.
Correct B.b. social and cognitive skills.
C.c. verbal ability.
D.d. athletic ability.
Answer Key: B
Question 8 of 25
4.0 Points
In low-income neighborhoods,
A.a. friendships are less abundant than in high-income neighborhoods.
B.b. children have less access to large peer groups than children in high-income neighborhoods.
Correct C.c. parents can protect their children by monitoring their activities.
D.d. parents usually have to plan their children's social interactions for them.
Answer Key: C
Question 9 of 25
4.0 Points
Williams and Best (1990) studied gender stereotypes in 25 countries from around the world and found:
A.a. that Western cultures have more gender stereotypes than Eastern cultures.
B.b. that more industrialized cultures have fewer gender stereotypes than developing countries.
C.c. the concept of gender stereotypes to be mainly an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon.
Correct D.d. similar patterns of gender stereotypes across most cultures.
Answer Key: D
Question 10 of 25
4.0 Points
According to Kohlberg, children recognize that they are either boys or girls during the stage of:
A.a. gender-schemas.
Correct B.b. basic gender identity.
C.c. gender constancy.
D.d. gender stability.
Answer Key: B
Question 11 of 25
4.0 Points
Recent research on children of gay and lesbian parents suggests that:
A.a. boys reared in lesbian families are more likely to play with toys traditionally associated with girls.
B.b. children raised in homosexual families differ in gender-role behavior from children raised in heterosexual families.
C.c. children raised in homosexual families are more likely to develop a gay or lesbian sexual orientation.
Correct D.d. more research needs to be conducted regarding the role of biological and environmental influences on the development of gender-related behaviors.
Answer Key: D
Question 12 of 25
4.0 Points
In which of the following areas were real gender differences found to exist?
Correct A.a. atypical development.
B.b. suggestibility.
C.c. learning style.
D.d. achievement.
Answer Key: A
Question 13 of 25
4.0 Points
Eleanor Maccoby's research on gender segregation suggests that:
A.a. girls seek out interactions with boys because they find rough-and-tumble play exciting.
B.b. girls are very good at using direct demands with boys to get what they want.
Correct C.c. girls find it easier to influence other girls but not boys.
D.d. girls admire the competitive-dominance orientation of boys.
Answer Key: C
Question 14 of 25
4.0 Points
What event is associated with a sharp divergence of gender roles?
A.a. dating.
B.b. marriage.
Correct C.c. parenthood.
D.d. divorce.
Answer Key: C
Question 15 of 25
4.0 Points
According to Gilligan, men rely on a(n) ___________ to solve moral problems, whereas women are more likely to focus on a(n):
Correct A.a. individual rights orientation; caring orientation.
B.b. caring orientation; individual rights orientation.
C.c. power orientation; individual rights orientation.
D.d. caring orientation; power orientation.
Answer Key: A
Question 16 of 25
4.0 Points
Research by Patterson and colleagues at the Social Learning Center has found that the families of aggressive boys are characterized by:
A.a. parents who punish their children only when they behave inappropriately.
B.b. children who become the passive victims of aggressive parents.
Correct C.c. cycles of mutually coercive behavior between family members.
D.d. siblings who support each other in order to cope with their aggressive parents.
Answer Key: C
Question 17 of 25
4.0 Points
Which of the following parental behaviors has been associated with more mature moral judgments?
A.a. the use of physical punishment.
Correct B.b. discussions about the feelings of others.
C.c. establishing an authoritarian climate in the home.
D.d. discussions of political issues.
Answer Key: B
Question 18 of 25
4.0 Points
Effective programs that reduce aggression tend to focus intervention efforts on the:
A.a. aggressive children rather than on others in their environment.
B.b. nonaggressive peers rather than the aggressive children themselves.
C.c. parents and teachers rather than on the aggressive children themselves.
Correct D.d. aggressive children and others in their environment.
Answer Key: D
Question 19 of 25
4.0 Points
From her research on how children's thinking about prosocial activities changes across development, Eisenberg concluded that prosocial reasoning and moral reasoning:
A.a. were identical processes.
Correct B.b. were related but independent.
C.c. showed no similarities until adulthood.
D.d. were negatively related.
Answer Key: B
Question 20 of 25
4.0 Points
Altruistic behaviors differ from prosocial behaviors in that:
A.a. prosocial behaviors involve other people and are more social.
B.b. altruistic behaviors are voluntary and prosocial behaviors are not.
C.c. altruistic behaviors benefit other people while prosocial behaviors do not.
Correct D.d. altruistic behaviors involve the willingness to help another without any expectation of reciprocity.
Answer Key: D
Question 21 of 25
4.0 Points
Kohlberg's stages are based on:
A.a. whether children's responses to moral dilemmas emphasize obedience.
Correct B.b. children's decision to emphasize obedience or welfare in response to moral dilemmas and their reasoning for their decision.
C.c. children's understanding of the rules of common games.
D.d. children's reactions to parental punishment.
Answer Key: B
Question 22 of 25
4.0 Points
Research studies comparing the effects of psychostimulant medication on the interactions of hyperactive children and their parents found:
Correct A.a. medication helped improve parent-child interactions.
B.b. medication made no difference in mother-child interactions.
C.c. maternal expectations confounded the results.
D.d. child expectations increased appropriate interactions.
Answer Key: A
Question 23 of 25
4.0 Points
Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct A.a. Over three times as many boys as girls are reported to exhibit conduct disorders.
B.b. More girls than boys are labeled as having undercontrolled behavior disorders.
C.c. Overcontrolled behavior disorders are the most frequently reported of all psychological problems of childhood.
D.d. Undercontrolled behavior is defined by its negative impact on the individual.
Answer Key: A
Question 24 of 25
4.0 Points
Children who are coercive and confrontational with parents are usually:
A.a. popular with their peers.
B.b. neglected by their peers.
C.c. preferred by their peers.
Correct D.d. rejected by their peers.
Answer Key: D
Question 25 of 25
4.0 Points
In order for a diagnosis to be useful, it must be:
A.a. consistent and reliable.
Correct B.b. valid and reliable.
C.c. accurate and valid.
D.d. objective and independent.
Answer Key: B
Quick Reply
