It does help thanks Howard! This is was I ended up with lemme know what cha think
Question 3
According to this website I found The study of Pheromones, Structures and Location of Pheromones
http://www.angelfire.com/ny5/pheromones5/structure.html Copulins are one specific type of human pheromones found in vaginal secretions. They were first isolated in Rhesus monkeys and are composed of C2-C5 aliphatic acids. Astrid Jutte of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Urban Ethology inVienna was the first scientist to show the connection between female pheromones (copulins) and male testosterone levels. According to the website Luv Essentials, The scent of attraction, Scientific Validation of Pheromones:Research Highlights(2010)
http://www.luvessentials.com/newsletter_research.html Juette synthesized the ovulatory vaginal secretions in women based on work in Rhesus monkeys. Copulin secretions vary dramatically during various phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Juette's objective was to test if males are able to smell maximum fertility and observe if males changed their behavior and physiological state as a result of perceiving the scent. She found that the testosterone levels of males in ovulatory-smell group increased to nearly 150% of starting levels.
Question4
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles (2011)
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm Integrated Pest Management is an effective and evironmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of commonsense practices. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. The IPM approach can be applied to both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, such as the home, garden, and workplace. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including, but not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides. According to the website IPM is not a single pest control method but, rather, a series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls. In practicing IPM, growers who are aware of the potential for pest infestation follow a four-tiered approach. The four steps include set action thresholds, monitor and identify pests, prevention, and control. According to UCDAVIS Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Ecological Engineering (2011)
http://bae.engineering.ucdavis.edu/pages/Research/eco.html Synthetic sex pheromones can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy to control insect pests by disrupting their reproduction behaviors. Research has focused on the develpment of a sprayable paraffin emulsion as a carrier for the pheromones.
Question 5
SciDevNet, GM crops are compatible with sustainable agriculture (2011)
http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/gm-crops-iarei-compatible-with-sustainable-ag.html states IPM is a system of protecting crops that meets the requirements of sustainable development by allowing farmers to manage diseases, insects, weeds, and other pests in a way that is cost effective, environmentally sound and socially acceptable, as well as appropriate to local conditions. To achieve this, farmers need to take into account all relevant and locally available pest control tactics. Genetic modification can make a substantial contribution to the options that farmers have available. It can be combined with other practical strategies to optimize IPM, thus preventing pest populations from reaching economically damaging levels. Like all technologies that help make crop protection and production more efficient, genetically modified crops are most effective when they are used as part of an IPM system.
Question 6
You get pest that are less-tolerant to pesticides and this in turn makes it easier to get rid of them. For instance, a refugium is a local area that has not been affected by ecological change or exposed to pesticides. So when pesticides are used on a non-rufugia field, only pesticide-resistant insects survive on the land sprayed. However, both pesticide resistant and pesticide sensitive insects survive in the refuge and they interbreed. If the allele for pesticide resistance is recessive, only about a quarter of the offspring will be resistant. Thus, over several generations, the proportion of pesticide-resistant insects in the population will be significantly reduced. This technique does not eliminate pesticide-resistant insects, but it keeps their numbers low. It also reduces the need to develop new pesticides.
Question 7
According to the NOVA Science in the news, integrated pest management- the good, the bad and the genetically modified (2011)
http://www.science.org.au/nova/041/041key.htm Successful integrated pest management usually has several key components. Three of them include:
Knowledge- Understanding the biology and ecology of the pest, and the crop is essential. Information about interactions within agricultural ecosystems is also important. IPM draws on the fundamental knowledge of plant and insect biology accumulated by biologists.
Monitoring- Farmers can use relatively simple techniques to keep track of what pests are where. This information, combined with knowledge of pest life cycles, can enable farmers to implement control measures at the most effective times.
Adaptability- Farmers must keep informed about what is happening in their paddocks so that they can adapt their strategies to changing circumstances. Research scientists, too, must aim to keep at least one step ahead of the pest, which is also undoubtedly changing and adapting over time
Part B
According to the website Organicfacts.net, Health Benefits of Organic Food
http://www.organicfacts.net/organic-food/organic-food-basics/health-benefits-of-organic-food.html There is little scientific evidence to prove that organic food is better in quality than conventional food. Scientific research conducted so far on various organic food items have not been able to give strong signals about superiority of organic food over non organic food. As a result, even the FDA and the USDA clearly mention that non organic food is as healthy as organic food. However, there are some scientific studies that have proved organic milk and organic tomatoes to be better than non organic ones. Some pros of organic food are organic farming is good for the environment numerous surveys have evaluated the environmental impact of various farming methods. From these, a general consensus holds that organic farms do not use synthetic pesticides which can harm local wildlife; organic farms sustain diverse ecosystems due to practices such as crop rotation; per unit area, organic farms use less energy and produce less waste. Another pro is organic farming is better for the food producers. The harmful effects of pesticide exposure are well documented. Even when they are used properly, they still end up in the bodies of farmers and food handlers. Organic techniques do not expose producers to dangerous organophosphate pesticides and other dangerous chemicals.
Some cons would be food safety, one of the largest arguments for purchasing organic food has been the simple fact that organic foods contain less pesticide and pesticide residues. One study published in 2002 claimed that organic foods have one third the pesticides of conventionally grown foods. But the federal government already has standards for allowable amounts of pesticide residues, and conventional foods are well under those levels. In addition, the long term effects of ingesting miniscule amounts of pesticides are unknown, and conclusions about such exposure are questionable at best.
Another con would be sustainability, many of the advantages of organic farming have been attributed to crop rotation which is not and exclusively organic farming technique. In addition, one of the newest techniques, no till farming, is decidedly conventional practice and it uses the least energy. In this technique, herbicides are used to clear land which means that all the energy used to till and manage land in the usual technique can be saved and used for other purposes.
Finally the single best argument against organic food is that it is too costly. On average, consumers pay 50% more for organic products and up to 100% more for organic meat and dairy products.
In my opinion, I personally would not switch over to organic products/food because for one the cost is extremely too much for me to afford and two because there is not enough evidence to show that its better for my health. Maybe if more studies were done to show it is better for me and my family than I would start paying the extra money, but until then I will stick with the non organic foods.
References:
Scienceray, Peromones: The Chemistry of Attraction (January 31, 2010)
http://scienceray.com/biology/human-biology/pheromones-the-chemistry-of-attraction/ the Pheromone Information Library, Copulins (August 11, 2011)
http://pherolibrary.com/human-pheromones/copulins.htm Pheromones Guru, Copulins Pheromone Information (2011)
http://pheromonesguru.com/copulins-pheromone.html Science with you in mind, All about pheromones (2003-2008)
http://www.pherone.com/pheromones.html#copulin PHEROMONES, Copulins (2008)
http://pheromones.ws/copulins.php The study of Pheromones, Structures and Location of Pheromones
http://www.angelfire.com/ny5/pheromones5/structure.html Luv Essentials, The scent of attraction, Scientific Validation of Pheromones:Research Highlights (2010)
http://www.luvessentials.com/newsletter_research.html U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles (2011)
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm UCDAVIS Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Ecological Engineering (2011)
http://bae.engineering.ucdavis.edu/pages/Research/eco.html SciDevNet, GM crops are compatible with sustainable agriculture (2011)
http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/gm-crops-iarei-compatible-with-sustainable-ag.html the NOVA Science in the news, integrated pest management- the good, the bad and the genetically modified (2011)
http://www.science.org.au/nova/041/041key.htm Organicfacts.net, Health Benefits of Organic Food
http://www.organicfacts.net/organic-food/organic-food-basics/health-benefits-of-organic-food.html
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